0-m.s.milovzorova._anatomiya_i_fiziologiya_cheloveka. _uchebnik_(medicina,_1972)(ru)(215s)

ɮɨɜ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɦ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɧɨɝɭ.

Ƚɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ. Ƚɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ (ɪɢɫ. 39) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɩ ɚ ɞ ɬ ɚ ɪ ɚ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɦ. Ɉɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ.

ɗɬɨɬ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ (1, 2) ɢ ɛ ɥ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɢɞɧɨ- ɝ ɨ ɜ ɵ ɫ ɬ ɭ ɩ ɚ (3) ɬɚɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ. Ȼɥɨɤ ɬɚɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɲɢɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ɉɧ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ «ɜɢɥɤɭ», ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɋɭɫɬɚɜ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ. Ƚɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ.

Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɥɨɤ ɬɚɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ (ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ) ɢ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ (ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɬɵɥɚ). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 33 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɬɨɩɚ ɛɚɥɟɪɢɧɵ ɜ ɬɭɮɥɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɯ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ. ɋɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɜ «ɜɢɥɤɭ» ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɨɧɚɰɢɹ, ɫɭɩɢɧɚɰɢɹ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ.

Ɍɪɚɜɦɵ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ — ɷɬɨ ɪ ɚ ɫ ɬ ɹ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ

ɢɥɢ ɧɚɞɪɵɜ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ , ɪɟɠɟ ɪ ɚ ɡ ɪ ɵ ɜ ɫ ɜ ɹ ɡ ɨ ɤ ɢ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɥ ɨ ɦ ɥɨɞɵɠɟɤ (ɪɢɫ. 39, 4).

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɨɩɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɥɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɜɟɧ 90° (ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɩɟ), ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɩɚ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɚ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɜ «ɜɢɥɤɭ» ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɥɨɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ.

ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɚɪɚɧɧɨ-ɦɚɥɨɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɚ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɭɸ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɩɭ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ: «ɧɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɧɭɥɚɫɶ». ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɚɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɥɨɞɵɠɤɢ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɜ ɬɟ; ɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ

ɞɟɧɶ ɯɨɞɶɛɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ. Ȼɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ.

ɋɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ. Ʉɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 39). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɸɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɩɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ.

Ɍɚɪɚɧɧɨ-ɩɹɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɚɪɚɧɧɨ-ɩɹɬɨɱɧɨ-ɥɚɞɶɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɞɬɚɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɰɢɹ (ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ) ɢ ɩɪɨɧɚɰɢɹ (ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ) ɫɬɨɩɵ.

ɉɨɞɬɚɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ. ȼ ɧɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ—ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɧɚɰɢɹ—ɫɭɩɢɧɚɰɢɹ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ—ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɩɵ.

Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɦɚɥɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɨɩɵ.

§ 32. Ɇɵɲɰɵ

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ. əɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢ- ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɬɟɥɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɩɨɡɭ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.

ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ, ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɵ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.

Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. ɂɯ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ: ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ, ɩ ɨ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɱ ɧ ɨ- ɧ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɫ ɚ ɬ ɚ ɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫ ɨ ɤ ɪ ɚ ɬ ɢ ɦ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɶ . ȼɨɡɛɭɞɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ — ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ.

Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɚɹ, ɧɨ ɟɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɚ ɹɞɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ.

ɋɤɟɥɟɬɧɚɹ ɦ ɭ ɫ ɤ ɭ ɥ ɚ ɬ ɭ ɪ ɚ . ɋɤɟɥɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɚ— ɷɬɨ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ, ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ (ɪɢɫ.

41) ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ

(1) . Ɇɹɫɢɫɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰɵ— ɛɪɸɲɤɨ — ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ, ɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɢ (2), ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟɦ (3). Ȼɪɸɲɤɨ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɫɬɹɦ (4) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɣ

(5). Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ (6), ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɵɲɰɵ — ɯɜɨɫɬɨɦ (ɢɥɢ 'ɉɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ)

(7). ɋɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɤ ɤɨɫɬɹɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɵɱɚɝ.

Ɏɨɪɦɚɦɵɲɰɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 42) ɢɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ.

ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɨ- ɨ ɛ ɪ ɚ ɡ ɧ ɵ ɟ (1), ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ (2),

ɞɜɭɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ (3), ɞɜɭɝɥɚɜɵɟ (4), ɞ ɜ ɭ ɛ ɪ ɸ ɲ ɧ ɵ ɟ (5) ɢ

ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ.

ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ — ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ.

ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ 0,05 ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ. Ƚɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɢɥɚɫɶ,

ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 3 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ. Ƚɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.

ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɢɨɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɵ ɢ ɜɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɟ.

Ɇɢɨɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ (ɪɢɫ. 43, 1), ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɚɤɬɢɧɚ (2). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɚ (3), ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɩɵ (4).

ɉɨɤɚ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɨɹ (ɪɢɫ. 43, Ⱥ), ɧɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɚɤɬɢɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɬɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɚ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɧɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɬ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ ɧɢɬɟɣ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɦɢɨɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɵ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ. 43, Ȼ). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɇɢɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɚ ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɨɧɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɫɹ ɦɢɨɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɨɪɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ 1/3 ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ 1/2 ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 5—7% ɢɯ ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ.

ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ), ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ. ȼ ɠɢɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɞ ɥ ɢ ɬ ɟ ɥ ɶ ɧ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɜɨɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ.

Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɍɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɜɨɥɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɠɢ.

ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ. ɋɟɪɞɰɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɜɨ ɫɧɟ, ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɵɲɰ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɨɝɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ 50, ɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ 20 ɦɵɲɰ. ȼɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɨɪɧɭɸ ɧɨɝɭ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ 15 ɦɵɲɰ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ 150 ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɵɲɰ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ.

Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɵɲɰ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɸɬ ɬɟɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ

ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɝɪɭɡ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɪ ɚ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɭ . Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.

Ⱦ ɢ ɧ ɚ ɦ ɢ ɱ ɫ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ ɪ ɚ ɛ ɨ ɬ ɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ɋ ɬ ɚ ɬ ɢ ɱ ɟ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ ɪ ɚ- ɛ ɨ ɬ ɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɵ ɬɟɥɚ, ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɭɸ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ.

ɋɢɥɚ ɦɵɲɰ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɫ ɢ ɥ ɨ ɣ . ɋɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɭɝɥɚ

ɟɺ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɍ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɞɜɭɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ. ɋɢɥɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɺ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɟ ɟɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɢɤ. ɋɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ. ɍɝɨɥ, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɤ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɢ ɬɭɩɵɦ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɨɬ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɝɨɥ ɟɺ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɦɵɲɰ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ), ɬɟɦɩɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɚɤɪɭɡɤɢ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɪɭɡ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɺɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ. ɇɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ

Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɵɲɰ ɭɝɥɟ-

ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɬɟɥɚ: ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.

ɍɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ. ɇɨ ɦɵɲɰɵ

ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ,

ɚɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ.

ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ

ɫɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɱɟɦ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɦɵɲɰ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ, ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ, ɦɚɥɨɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɷɬɟ «ɨɬɞɵɯɚɟɬ», ɚ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɟɬ.

ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪ ɚ ɫ ɫ ɥ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɹ ɢ ɪɚɫ - ɬ ɹ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɹ . Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɦɹɝɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɢɫɚɟɬ, ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. ȿɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɵ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ ɟɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɵ. Ɋɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɧɨ ɦɹɝɱɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ȿɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɜ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɵ, ɚ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɵ.

Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ. ɍɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ — ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɨɧɭɫ. Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ — ɷɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɬɶ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɬɶ ɦɵɲɰɵ