0-m.s.milovzorova._anatomiya_i_fiziologiya_cheloveka. _uchebnik_(medicina,_1972)(ru)(215s)

ɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɚ ɣ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɚ.

əɞɪɨ ɬɨɠɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ — ɧɭɤ-

ɥɟɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. ɧɭɤɥɟɭɫ — ɹɞɪɨ). Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɹɞɪɨ — ɹ ɞ ɟ ɪ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɨ ɛ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɱ.ɤ ɚ (2), ɤɚɤ ɢ

ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɹɞɪɨ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɹɞɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɞɪɵɲɟɤ (3) ɢ ɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɝɥɵɛɤɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɯ ɪ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɬ ɢ ɧ ɚ (4). Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɞɪɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɩɪɨ- ɬ;ɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ.

Ʌɸɛɚɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɸɠɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ — ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɹɞɪɚ ɢ ɰɢɬɨɬɚɡɦɵ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɢɞɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

ȼ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥ ɢ ɡ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɦ ɵ (5). ɗɬɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ» ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. Ɍɭɬ ɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɢ (6). Ɉɧɢ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ (ɧɟ ɞɨ ɬ'ɨɧɰɚ) ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɪ ɢ ɛ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɦ (7). ɇɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɥ- "I, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ȼɥɢɡ ɹɞɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɢɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ (8). ȼɫɹ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɥɡɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɚ ɧ ɚ ɥ ɶ ɰ ɚ ɦ ɢ (9).

əɞɪɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɢɞɵ — ɯ ɪ ɨ ɦ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɦ ɵ , ɧɨ ɜɢɞɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ. Ɉ ɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ, ɠɢɪɵ, ɛɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɧɭɤ- :ɟɢɧɨɡɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ — ɝ ɥ ɢ ɤɨ ɝɟ ɧ ɚ. ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.

ɀɢɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ. ɇɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ

ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ.

Ȼ ɟ ɥ ɤ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɢ ɹɞɪɚ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɚɡɨɬ, ɫɟɪɭ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ. ȼɨɬ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵɛɟɥɤɚɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ, ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ

ɤɪɨɜɶ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ: ɋ3832ɇ46160872N780S8Fe4.

ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ. ɗɬɢ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ.

ɇɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɹɞɟɪ, ɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ. ɂɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɡɨɤɫɢɪɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟb ɧɨɜɚɹ (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨ ȾɇɄ) ɢ ɪɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɚɹ (ɊɇɄ) ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɊɇɄ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. Ⱦɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɊɇɄ «ɩɨɞɜɨɡɹɬ» ɤ ɪɢɛɨɫɨɦɚɦ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɡ 20 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɛɟɥɤɚ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɛɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ.

ɀɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ɀɢɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ:.:.

Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɬɟɥɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ . ɉɪɢ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɟɟ ɹɞɪɟ. Ʉ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɹɞɪɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɹɞɪɵɲɤɢ, ɚ ɢɡ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 3, Ʌ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ, ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɟɥɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 3, Ȼ).

ȼ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ȾɇɄ. Ɉɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ — ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɟɛɟ. ɂɡ ɞɟɥɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟ, ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɚɹ. Ⱦɟɬɢ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɹɹ ɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ȾɇɄ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.

ɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

Ɋɵɯɥɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ-

ɧɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪ-

ȼ

Ɋɢɫ. 4 (Ⱥ, Ȼ, ȼ).

ɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. ɂɡ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɠɭ ɫ

ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ.

Ɇɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɢɫɬɨɟ (ɪɢɫ. 5, Ⱥ). ȼ ɧɟɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ( 1 ) ɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɵ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (2). Ɍɤɚɧɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɚɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5, Ȼ, 3).

ɉɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɜɨɥ ɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɬɤɚɧɶɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5, ȼ). ɗɬɚ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹ, ɋɜɹɡɤɢ, Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɠɟ.

ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨ ɩɨ ɪ ɧɭ ɸ ɮ ɭ ɢ ɤ- ɰ ɢ ɸ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɛɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡ ɚ ɳ ɢ ɬ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɮ ɭ ɧ ɤ ɰ ɢ ɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨ ɧɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

§ 4. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫ. ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ. ɇɚɭɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ɉɪɢɤɨɫɧɢɬɟɫɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɤ ɠɢɜɭɳɟɣ ɜ ɚɤɜɚɪɢɭɦɟ ɝɢɞɪɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɨɬɱɚɫ ɫɴɟɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɜɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɨɱɟɤ. Ⱦɨɬɪɨɧɶɬɟɫɶ ɞɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɨɣ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɩɪɹɱɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɭ. ɗɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ — ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɮ-

ɥɟɤɫɨɦ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ. 1\ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɪɚɱɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɹɪɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ

ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɪɨɬ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɡ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɂɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɬɫɬɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɪɨɤ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɧ, ɝɭɛɹɳɢɯ ɩɬɟɧɰɨɜ ɢ ɹɣɰɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɬɢɰ, ɨɧɢ ɭɥɟɬɚɸɬ* ɡɚɜɢɞɟɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɪɭɠɶɟɦ. ȼ ɪɵɛɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɯɤɚɪɩɵ ɩɨ ɡɜɨɧɤɭ ɩɪɢɩɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɚ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣɫɪɟɞɵ.

ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ — ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ

ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ. S ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɟ ɩɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ

ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɬɟɥɚ.

Ƚ Ʌ Ⱥ ȼ Ⱥ II

ɇȿɊȼɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ

§ 5. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɋɟɪɞɰɟ, ɥɟɝɤɢɟ, ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɬɟɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɸɬ. ɇɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɨɫɧɭɬɶɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ: ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɡɚɪɹɞɤɭ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɦɚɯ, ɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɪɜɚɦ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɨ ɟɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɹ (ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.

ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɇɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɥɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟ. ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɭɱɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɢɬɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɢ ɤɨɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ: yen ɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɢ ɤɨɠɟ. ɉɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟ- ɥɟɡɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɚ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟ- ɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ɍɚɤ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɩɩɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɪɚɋɧɱɥ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɧɚ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɉɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ —ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ —ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɠɟ, ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. Ɂɜɭɤɢ, ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɡɚɩɚɯɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ,' ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.1 ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɢɞ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɯ ɩɢɳɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ƚɪɨɡɹɳɚɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

Ɋɨɥɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɚɭɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɭɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ.

§ 6, ɇɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ

ɇɟɣɪɨɧ. ɇɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 6). ɇɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ.

ɇɟɣɪɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɥɨ (1) ɢ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɟɥ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 25 ɞɨ 150 ɦɢɤɪɨɧ ɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɢɤɟ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɜɟɬɜɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ (2) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬ ɚɦɢ (ɞɟɧɞɪɨɧ — ɞɟɪɟɜɨ). Ɉɧɢɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɠɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɥɭ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ.

Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ—ɚɤɫɨɧ («5). Ⱥɤɫɨɧɵ ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ-- ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ.