Лекции по электронике
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ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɚɡɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɯ Q ɢ Q . Ɉɬɤɥɢɤ ɫ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ Wȼɕɏ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ȼ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ A1 (ɢɥɢ Ⱥ2).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɀɆ Ʉ155ȺȽ1
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ: ɇ - |
ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ (ɥɸɛɨɟ) |
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, |
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- ɮɪɨɧɬ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ, |
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ɫɪɟɡ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ |
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3.2. Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ Ɇȼ
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ ɆȻ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ɋɯɟɦɧɨ ɆȻ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ RS -ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ (ɪɢɩ.8) ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɀɆ (ɪɢɫ. 15).
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɯɨɞ ɀɆ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 15 ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ Ⱦ2, ɚ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ Ɋ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ Ⱦ2 (ɫɯɟɦɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.20).
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ1 ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ 1, ɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ2 0, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ ɋ ɡɚɪɹɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɢ: ɜɵɯɨɞ Ⱦ1, ɋ, R, ɜɵɯɨɞ Ⱦ2. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ UBX.D2 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t1 ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ
D1
&Uɜɵɯ
D2 |
& 1 |
R |
Ɋɢɫ. 20 Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ Ɇȼ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ RS - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ.
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ U0BX, ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ2 ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ 1, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɯɨɞɭ Ⱦ1. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ1 ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ 0 ɢ
ɧɚɱɧɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɡɚɪɹɞ ɋ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ t1
UBX.D2 Ⱦ2 ɫɦɟɧɢɬ ɡɧɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ. ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t2 UBX.D2 ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ UBX1. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ2 ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ 0 ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.21.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ Ɇȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 22), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ
"ɇȿ". ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɨ ɪɢɫ .20.
Uɜɯ D2 |
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U ɜɯ |
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U ɜɯ |
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U ɜɵɯ D1 |
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Ʉɉɂ 1 |
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Ʉɉɂ 10 ɜɯ.1 |
Ʉɉɂ 7 |
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Ɋɢɫ. 21. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 22. ɋɯɟɦɚ Ɇȼ ɧɚ |
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Ɇȼ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 20. |
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ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɇȿ. |
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Ɍɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɦɢ: ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɢ; ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɢɹ:
1)ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ (ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɧɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ),
2)ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ.
Ɍɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɯɟɦɚ Ʌɚɪɢɨɧɨɜɚ).
ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 2 ɞɢɨɞɚ.
ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ. ɇɚɪɢɫɭɟɦ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ:
6 ɞɢɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ (VD1, VD3,VD5), ɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ (VD2, VD4, VD6).
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ: ɜ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɬɨɬ ɞɢɨɞ, ɱɟɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɚɧɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɟɧ»; ɜ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɬɨɬ ɞɢɨɞ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɟɧ».
ɉɭɫɬɶ t t1
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VD1 ɨɬɤɪɵɬ, VD2 ɡɚɤɪɵɬ |
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eC |
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ɜ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ VD4 (ɮɚɡɚ ȼ), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ |
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ɮɚɡɚ ȼ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ «ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ». |
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ȼ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ VD6.
ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ LH %% RH , ɬɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ VD1, VD4
Ud eA eB
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ VD1, VD6
Ud eA eC
Udm 
2 
3E2
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚ ɲɟɫɬɚɹ.
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ 6 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɟɬɢ.
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0.06 (ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ). |
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m2 1 |
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ɱɟɦ q<, ɬɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɟɟ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ. |
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S / 6 |
3 |
S / 6 |
3 2 3 E2 sinZt |
S / 6 |
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Ud |
³Udm cosZtdt |
³ Udm cosZtdZt |
³ 2 3E2 |
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S / 6 |
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S / 6 |
S |
S / 6 |
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Ud |
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2 E2 |
2.34E2 ; |
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S |
Ud |
0.4275Ud . |
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ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ «+» ɢ «-» ɩɨɥɭɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ.
UOBR |
e2A e2B |
ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ (t3;t4) |
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UOBR |
e2A e2C |
ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ (t4;t5) |
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UOBR m |
2 3E2 |
2 3 |
S |
Ud |
S Ud 1.05Ud . |
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3 |
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ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɢɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɬɢɪɢɫɬɨɪɵ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɹ (ɫɯɟɦɚ Ʌɚɪɢɨɧɨɜɚ).
ȿɫɥɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ D 0 ɬɢɪɢɫɬɨɪɵ{ɞɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɮɚɡ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ D z 0, ɬɨ ɬɢɪɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɢɪɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɢɨɞɨɜ:
1 S / 6 D
Ud 2S /3 ³
2 
3E2 cosZtdZt Udo cosD ,
S / 6 D
ɝɞɟ Udo |
- ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɦ ɭɝɥɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɨɞɚɯ). |
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Udo |
3 |
3 2E2 2.34E2 |
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Ɍɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ.
ɇɚɪɢɫɭɟɦ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ:
ɉɪɢ t (t1, t2) |
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eA |
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ɨɬɤɪɵɬ VD1 |
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Ud |
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ɉɪɢ t (t2,t3) |
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eB |
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eA |
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ɨɬɤɪɵɬ VD2 |
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eB |
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Ud |
e2B . |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɢ: |
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q |
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0.25, ɬ.ɟ. |
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɯɭɠɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ q ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ. |
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m2 |
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32 |
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ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ: |
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1 |
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S / 3 |
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Ud |
2S /3 S³/ 3 |
2E2 cosZtdZt |
2S |
2E2 ( |
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S |
E2 |
1.17E2 |
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Ud |
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2 |
3 E2 |
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E2 |
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2S |
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Ud |
0.855Ud . |
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3 |
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ɉɪɢ t (t1;t2) VD1 ɡɚɤɪɵɬ, VD2 ɨɬɤɪɵɬ |
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U AKVD1 |
e2B e2 A |
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UOBRm |
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3E2 |
2 3 |
S |
Ud |
2S Ud |
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2.09Ud . ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɨɣ |
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3 |
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ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɞɢɨɞ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɨɣ.
ɉɪɢ E2 |
100 ȼ |
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UOBRm |
2 3 100 24 ȼ |
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Ia |
Id |
- ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɨɞ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ. |
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ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɮɚɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ.
i1A 
2i1C 
2i1B
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ: ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɬɨɤ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ, ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɦɵ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɱɚɳɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ.