Лекции по электронике
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ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɞɵɪɨɤ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɛɚɡɭ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ IɄ, ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
I ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ. UɄɗɇ § 0.2 ÷ 1 ȼ
III ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɨɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ UɄɗ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ.
ȼɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ IȻ = f(UȻɗ) ɩɪɢ UɄɗ = const
IȻ = IɄ + Iɗ
ȼɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ - ȼȺɏ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ p-n ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ UɄɗ = 0 ɧɚ ɗȻ ɢ ȻɄ UɉɊəɆɈȿ.
ɉɪɢ UɄɗ > UɄɗɇ ɧɚ ɗȻ – UɉɊəɆɈȿ, ɧɚ ȻɄ – UɈȻɊȺɌɇɈȿ.
ɉɪɢ UȻɗ = 0 IȻ = IɄȻɈ
IȻ = IɄ - Iɗ = (1-Į) Iɗ - IɄȻɈ ɢɡ (2)
r |
'UȻɗ |
- ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɵ – ɜɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɢɩɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ |
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Ȼ |
'IȻ |
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rȻ |
h11ɗ |
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Ɍɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
1.ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ.
2.ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ.
ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬ ɞɪɟɣɮ ɧɭɥɹ.
ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɦ ɧɭɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ.
ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɫɤɚɞ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪɨɦ ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Ȼ
I ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ:
IȻ § 0, ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɡɚɤɪɵɬ, IȻ = IɄȻɈ, IɄ = ȕ IȻ = 0, UɄɗ=EɄ - IɄ RɄ, ɬ.ɤ. IɄ=0,
UɄɗ = EɄ.
II ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ:
IȻ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (ɢɡ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ) ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɧɭɥɸ. IɄ = ȕ IȻ 0 ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ UȻɗ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ IȻ, IɄ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ UɄɗ.
III ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ
ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ UȻɗ; UɄɗ ɨɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ UɄɗɇ = (0.2÷1) ȼ
I |
Ʉ |
EɄ UɄɗɇ |
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RɄ |
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ɉɪɟɞɟɥ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ: |
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IɄȻɈ IɄ EɄ UɄɗɇ ; UɄɗɇ ( UɄɗ = Uȼɕɏ ) EɄ
RɄ
Ɂɧɚɤɢ ¨Uȼɏ ɢ ¨Uȼɕɏ – ɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɫɤɚɞ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ.
Ʌɟɤɰɢɹ 7
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ȼ ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ: ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ (ɗȾɋ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ).
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Ⱥ
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɭɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ Uȼɕɏ ɭɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɗȾɋ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɇɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɣ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɦɟɠɞɭ Uȼɏ ɢ Uȼɕɏ.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚɯ
P |
1 |
T UɄɗtɄdt |
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T |
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³0 |
Ɋɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬ p-n ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɛɨɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɤɨɹ
ȼɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɺɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɜɫɟ ɗȾɋ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ (EɄ, EɋɆ, EɄɈɆɉ)
EɄɈɆɉ ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ Uȼɕɏ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ Ⱥ.
1) ɉɭɫɬɶ Uȼɏ = 0, ɬ.ɤ. ɟɫɬɶ EɋɆ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɬɨɤɢ IȻɉ, IɄɉ, Iɗɉ 0, UɄɗɉ 0, EɄɈɆɉ = UɄɗɉ. ɉɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɬɨɤɢ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ UɄɗɉ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɸ, ɧɚɞɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ UɄɈɆɉ = UɄɗɉ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ: ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 10° ɋ ɬɨɤ IɄȻɈ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ: ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 20-30° ɋ IɄ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬ.ɤ. ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ (ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ȕ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ IȻɉ = const, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ IɄɉ, ɬ.ɤ.
IɄɉ = ȕ IȻɉ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ UɄɗɉ, ɬ.ɤ. UɄɗɉ = EɄ - IɄɉ RɄ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ Uȼɕɏ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɤɢ – ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ – ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ – ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ (ɉɈɋ), ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɚɯ – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (ɈɈɋ). ɉɈɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ , ɬ.ɟ. ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɈɈɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɩɶ ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪɚ.
ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ʉɢɪɯɝɨɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ: Uȼɏ + EɋɆ = UȻɗ + Iɗ Rɗ
UȻɗ = Uȼɏ + EɋɆ - Iɗ Rɗ § Uȼɏ + EɋɆ - IɄ Rɗ
Iɗ §IɄ, ɬ.ɤ. Į = 0.99 ÷ 0.9
Ɍ.ɟ Rɗ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɈɈɋ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ: ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ IȻɉ = const => Ĺ ȕ => Ĺ IɄɉ => Ĺ IɄ Rɗ => Ļ UȻɗ => Ļ IȻ => Ļ IɄ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ IɄ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ UɄɗ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ: ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ Uȼɕɏ, ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ UȻɗ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɍ,
Iɗɉ Rɗ 0.1 EɄ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ Rɗ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ Rɗ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ Uȼɕɏ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪɨɦ
Rȼɏ, Rȼɕɏ, Kɍɏ.ɏ..
Ⱦɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ: ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ (ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ) i, u. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɗȾɋ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɸ.
1) RȼɇɍɌ
R'u , ¨i 0, ¨u = 0, ɬ.ɤ. EɄ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, RɄ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ ɤ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɬ.ɤ.
'i
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Rȼɇ = 0, Rȼɏ |
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Uȼɏ |
Uȼɏ = ¨IȻ rȻ + ¨Iɗ Rɗ |
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Iȼɏ |
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r |
'UȻɗ |
- ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ rȻ=h11ɗɄȼ. |
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Ȼ |
'IȻ |
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¨Iɗ = ¨IȻ + ¨IɄ = ¨IȻ + ȕ ¨IȻ = ¨IȻ (1+ȕ) |
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Uȼɏ = ¨IȻ [rȻ + (1+ȕ) Rɗ] |
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'IȻ [rȻ |
(1 E) Rɗ ] |
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R |
ȼɏ |
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rȻ (1 E) Rɗ |
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'IȻ |
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Rȼɏ § 1000 ɈɆ (ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ Rȼɏ = )
Ʌɟɤɰɢɹ 8
2) KUɏɏ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ.
Rɇ = ; KU |
Uȼɕɏ |
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'IɄ RɄ |
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'IȻ E RɄ |
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E RɄ |
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Uȼɏ |
'IȻ Rȼɏ 'IȻ |
>rȻ (E 1) Rɗ @ |
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rȻ (E 1) Rɗ |
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ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɟɦ rȻ, |
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rȻ + (ȕ + 1) Rɗ § (ȕ + 1) Rɗ; |
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E RɄ |
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RɄ |
§KUXX |
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(E 1) Rɗ |
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Rɗ |
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ɉɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ IɄ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɫɹ Iɇ, ɬ.ɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ (KUɊȺȻ<KUɏ.ɏ.) ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ RɄ.
3) Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ Rȼɕɏ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ ɨɛ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ, ɗȾɋ ɡɚɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɦɦɟɬɪɨɦ.
Uȼɕɏ = 0, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ IȻ = 0; IɄ ɢ Iɗ = 0; Rȼɕɏ = RɄ § 1000 ɈɆ
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɩɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɫɤɚɞ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ( /0 ɜ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ).
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɍɉɌ (ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ)
3 ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ. R1 ɢ R2 ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɗȾɋ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ; R3 ɢ R4 – ɗȾɋ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
R1 ɢ R2 ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ UɄɈɆɉ. Ɍ.ɤ. ɬɨɱɤɚ 0 ɭ Uȼɏ ɢɦɟɟɬ ij1 = 0, ɚ ɬ. –ȿɄ ij2 = - ȿɄ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ij1 > ij2, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ (ɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ) ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɗȾɋ.
ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ
C1 ɢ C2 ɨɬɫɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɜ Uȼɏ ɢ Uȼɕɏ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. C1 ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ.
Ʉɚɫɤɚɞ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ (ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ)
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɫɤɚɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɨɦ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɷɦɢɬɬɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ Uȼɏ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɈɄ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ: RȼɏɈɗ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ, ɚ RȼɕɏɈɗ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ Iɇ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ => Ļ Uȼɏ (Uȼɏ < ɟȽ) => Ĺ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ; Uȼɕɏ < Uȼɕɏɏ.ɏ. RȼɏɈɄ > RȼɏɈɗ, RȼɕɏɈɄ < RȼɕɏɈɗ. Ɍ.ɨ. ɥɟɜɵɣ ɈɄ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ Rȼɏ ɢ Uȼɏ, ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬ ¨Uȼɏ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ɉɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, Iȼɏ => Ļ RȽ Iȼɏ =>
Ĺ Uɇ.