Лекции по электронике
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ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɚɯ (Ɇɋ).
Ɉɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ (ȺȼɆ), ɜ ɛɥɨɤɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɗȼɆ, ɜ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɪɚɞɢɨɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɂɍ) ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ (ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ)
ɢɥɢ ɬɨɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ (ɬɚɤɬɨɜɵɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ (ɩɭɫɤ, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.),
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ; ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɯɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢ-
ɜɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɬ.ɤ. ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɪɢɫ.1).
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Ɋɢɫ.1 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ
Ɉɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ: Um- ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ;
tɂ - ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ;
tɉ - ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɭɡ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɦɢ;
Ɍɉ- ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ;
f = 1/ Ɍɉ - ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ; Q = Ɍɉ / tɉ - ɫɤɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ.
Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ tɎ (ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ
0,9 Um) ɢ ɫɪɟɡɚ tC. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ tɎ ɢ tC << tɂ , ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ tɎ = tɎ = 0.
Ɍ.ɤ. ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ 0 ɢ 1 ɢɥɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɇ (ɧɢɡɤɢɣ) ɢ ȼ (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ). Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɵ (ɐɂɆɋ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ: ȼ(1) ɢ ɇ(0). ɂɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ. ɉɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɐɂɆɋ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ (Ʌɗ), ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ, ɨɞɧɨ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɯɟɦɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɐɂɆɋ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ: ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ (ɌɅ), ɞɢɨɞɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ (ȾɌɉ), ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ (ɌɌɅ), ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɆɈɉ-ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚɯ (ɆɈɉ ɌɅ). Ʉ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɐɂɆɋ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
- ɜɯɨɞɧɨɟ U BX0 ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ U B0ɕX ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ 0;
- ɜɯɨɞɧɨɟ UBX1 |
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ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ U B1 |
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ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ 1; |
- ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ |
t1ɁȾ,0 – ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ |
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ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ UBɕX ɨɬU B1 |
ɕX ɤ U B0ɕX ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. |
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ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɐɂɆɋ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɢɢ Ʉ155 |
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U B0ɕX ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,4 ȼ, UB1 |
ɕɕ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2,4 ȼ, IBX0 ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1,6 ɦȺ, IBX1 ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,04 ɦȺ. |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɐɂɆɋ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ "ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ" - ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɨ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɏ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɏ=1, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɢ ɏ=0
ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɠɧɨ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ - ɬɚɤɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ X, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: 0 ɢɥɢ 1. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭ = f (ɏ1, ɏ2,…,ɏn) ɤɚɤ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ (ɏ1, ɏ2,…,ɏn) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 0 ɢɥɢ 1.
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɏ1, ɏ2,…,ɏn ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭ = f (ɏ1, ɏ2,…,ɏn) - ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ.
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ɚ) "ɇȿ" |
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ɛ) "ɂɅɂ" ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ |
ɜ) "ɂ" ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ |
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ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɹ |
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ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ |
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ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ |
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x1 x2 =x1 x2 |
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ɞ) "ɂ-ɇȿ" ɲɬɪɢɯ ɒȿɎɎȿɊȺ, |
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ɝ) "ɂɅɂ - ɇȿ" ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɉɂɊɋȺ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭ = f1 (X), ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ - ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ, ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭ = f2 (X),
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɏ -ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ (ɇȿ) f2(X)= X . Ɉɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɇȿ
(ɪɢɫ.2ɚ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ. Ⱦɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ (ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ "ɂɅɂ") - ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭ = f3
(ɏ1, ɏ2) = X1vX 2 (ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɭ = f3 (ɏ1, ɏ2) = X1 +X2 ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɏ1 ɢɥɢ ɏ2, ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.2ɛ).
Ʉɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ (ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, "ɂ") - ɭ = f4 (ɏ1, ɏ2) = X1 / X2 (ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɭ = f4 (ɏ1, ɏ2) = X1 X2 ɢɫɬɢɧɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵ ɏ1 ɢ ɏ2. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫ. 2ɜ).
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ "ɂ" ɢɥɢ "ɂɅɂ" ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ (ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
"ɂ", ɥɢɛɨ "ɂɅɂ" ɬ.ɟ. ɟɫɥɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ "ɂɅɂ" ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ "ɂ" ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɉɢɪɫɚ (ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ, "ɂɅɂ / ɇȿ") - ɭ = f5 (ɏ1, ɏ2) = X1pX2 = X1vX2 |
X1 X 2 |
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ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɏ1 ɢɥɢ X2 ɥɨɠɧɵ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ – ɪɢɫ.2ɝ). |
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ɒɬɪɢɯ ɒɟɮɮɟɪɚ - (ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭ = f6(ɏ1, ɏ2) = X1 ¨X2 = |
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ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɏ1 ɢ ɏ2 ɥɨɠɧɵ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ – ɪɢɫ.2ɞ).
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭ = f (ɏ1, ɏ2) ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɏ1 X2. ɗɬɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
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ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭ = fK(ɏ1, ɏ2) |
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ɭ = fK(ɏ1, ɏ2) |
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"ɂɅɂ" |
"ɂ" |
"ɂɅɂ-ɇȿ" |
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ɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ "ɂ-
ɇȿ" ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨ: "Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɚ (ɪɚɜɧɚ 1), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵ ɧɟ ɏ1 ɢ ɧɟ ɏ2 (1-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ), ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɏ1 ɢ ɏ2 (2-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ) ɢɥɢ ɏ1 ɢ ɧɟ X2 (3-ɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ). Ɂɚɦɟɧɢɜ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɟ, ɢ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
(1)
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɷɬɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ,
y= x1
x2 + x1
x2 +x1
x2
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ, ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (1) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜ
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1 x1 x2 + x1 x2 +x1 x2 |
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Ɋɢɫ.3 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ |
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y= x1 x2 + x1 x2 +x1 x2 |
ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ: |
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Ⱥ+Ⱥ = Ⱥ (2) |
Ⱥ Ⱥ = Ⱥ (6) |
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A A (10) |
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Ⱥ+Ⱥȼ+Ⱥɋ = Ⱥ (11) |
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B = Ⱥ+ȼ (12) |
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Ⱥ+0 = Ⱥ (4) |
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Ⱥ+1 = 1 (5) |
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(14) |
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ȼɵɧɨɫɢɦ X1 ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ( 1) ɡɚ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ (3) ɢ (9):
y = X1 X 2 + X1 X 2 + X1 X 2 = X1 ( X 2 + X 2 )+ X1 X 2 = X 2 1+ X1 X 2 = X1 + X1 X 2
ɈɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦX1 = Ⱥ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨɦ (12), (13):
Ⱥ+ A X =A+ X 2 = X1 + X 2 = X1 X 2
ɉɨɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (1) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɂ-ɇȿ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ "ɂ-ɇȿ" (ɢɥɢ "ɂɅɂ/ɇȿ"). Ɍɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ "ɇȿ" ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ "ɂ-ɇȿ", ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ X. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɭ = X X = X . ɋɯɟɦɚ
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ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.4ɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ "ɂɅɂ" ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: X1 X 2 |
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X 1 X 2 X 1 X 2 . ɋɯɟɦɚ |
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ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ - ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.4ɛ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ "ɂ" ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ: ɏ1 ɏ2 = |
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. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ (10). ɋɯɟɦɚ – ɪɢɫ.4ɜ. |
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ɚ) Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ "ɇȿ" |
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ɜ) Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ "ɂ" |
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ɛ) Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ "ɂɅɂ" |
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Ɋɢɫ.4 Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɂ-ɇȿ
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 0 ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɬɨɤ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɚ Ɇɋ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɰɟɩɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ("ɜɢɫɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ"), ɧɟɬ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɯɨɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɚɧ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ 1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɂ-ɇȿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.5.
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Ɋɢɫ.5 Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ "ɂ-ɇȿ" ɌɌɅ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ
2. ɌɊɂȽȽȿɊɕ
Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɞɜɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɤɨɥɶ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ȼɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɥɟ, ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚ-
ɬɟɥɟɣ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ (
Q ) ɢ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɧɵɣ (Q ).
Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ (ɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ). ȼ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ - ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ (ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ) ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡ-
ɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ.
Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ (ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ) ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ RS -ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ D - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ JɄɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ,
Ɍ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ɇɋ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɜ.
2.1. Ⱥɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ RS-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ RS -ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɛɥ.2). S ɢ R - ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɚɯ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɜ S ( set - ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ) ɢ R(reset - ɫɛɪɨɫ). Qn - ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, Qn+1- ɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ R-S ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ
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ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ 1 ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ S(set - ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ "ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ") ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Qn+1 = 1. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ 1 ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ R (reset - ɫɛɪɨɫ, "ɨɬɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ") ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Qn+1 = 0. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɪɟɥɟ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɧ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɚɯ. ɉɪɢ S=R=0 ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɋɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ S = R= 1 ("ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ" - "ɨɬɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ") ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ
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Ɋɢɫ.6 |
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RS - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ. |
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Ɋɢɫ.7 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ |
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ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ RS - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ. |
ɝɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɂ - ɇȿ. |
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ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ɋ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.7 ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.8 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ RS -ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɂ-ɇȿ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
RS -ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɵ R ɢ S. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɨɬ 1 ɤ 0 (ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ).
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɐɂɆɋ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ RS ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɜ.
2.2. ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ JɄ – ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ,
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ (ɨɬ 0 ɤ 1) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɧɚ
ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɦ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ (ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ Ʉ ɢ J ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ R ɢ S (ɫɛɪɨɫ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ). Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɚ Ʉ155Ɍȼ1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ JɄ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɧɵɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ R ɢ S . ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.9, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10, ɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ - ɬɚɛɥ. 3.
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Ɋɢɫ.9 |
JK - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ |
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Ɋɢɫ.10 |
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ |
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ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɍɄ - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ |
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Ʉ 155 Ɍȼ 1. |
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Ʉ 155 Ɍȼ 1. |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ JɄ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ Ʉ155Ɍȼ1
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ 1 |
(ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ) |
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Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ 0 |
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ɏɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ (ɧɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ) |
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ȼ ɬɚɛɥ.3 ɇ - ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ (ɥɸɛɨɟ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ J ɢ Ʉ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢR = S = 1. ȿɫɥɢR = S =0 ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Q ɢ Q ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ. ɂɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɢɫ.10 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɯɨɞɚɦ J ɢ Ʉ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɧɟɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
2.3. ɋɱɟɬɧɵɣ Ɍ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ
ɗɬɨɬ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ JɄ/ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ J ɢ Ʉ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ 1 (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ "ɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ"). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ - Ɍ. ȼ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ɍ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. II, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12. ɂɡ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ Q ɜ 2
ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ Ɍ, ɬ.ɟ. Ɍ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɧɚ 2. Ɍ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ, ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɪ.
T
Q T
TT
Q Q
Ɋɢɫ.12 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ Ɍ - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ.
Ɋɢɫ.11 ɋɱɟɬɧɵɣ Ɍ - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ.
2.4.D-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ
Ⱦ- ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ (delay) ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ⱦ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ Qt+1=D. Ⱦ - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ
ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɯɨɞ Ⱦ=J= K . ɋɢɝɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦ-
ɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ Ⱦ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɚ Ʉ155ɌɆ2 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɞɜɚ Ⱦ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ. ɪɢɫ.1Ɂ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ -
ɬɚɛɥ.4, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ - ɪɢɫ. 14.
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Ɋɢɫ.13 Ⱦɜɚ D - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ
Ɋɢɫ.14 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ
Ʉ 155 ɌɆ 1.
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ D - ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ Ʉ155ɌɆ2
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ 1 (ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ) |
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Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ 0 (ɫɛɪɨɫ) |
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Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: ɇ - ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ (ɥɸɛɨɟ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, - ɮɪɨɧɬ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ.
ȼɯɨɞɵS ɢR - ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ. ɋɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɦ ɜɯɨɞɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ S = R = 0, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Q ɢQ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞ Q ɢQ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ Ⱦ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɋ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢS = R =1. ɋɢɝɧɚɥ Ⱦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ Q ɢQ ɩɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ.
3. ɆɍɅɖɌɂȼɂȻɊȺɌɈɊɕ
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɟ ɪɢɫ.8 ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ
(ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɩɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɍ.ɤ. ɷɬɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ
(ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ). Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɨ-ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ (Ɇȼ). Ɇȼ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ: ɠɞɭɳɟɦ, ɚɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ. ȼ ɠɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ (ɠɞɭɳɢɣ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ
(ɀɆ), ɡɚɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ, ɨɞɧɨ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ (ɈȾ)- ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫ-
ɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Ɇȼ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ W , ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ.
ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ Ɍ=W01+W02, ɝɞɟW01 ɢ W02- ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ.
Ɇȼ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚɯ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɐɂɆɋ.
3.1. ɀɞɭɳɢɣ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ
ɋɯɟɦɭ ɀɆ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɯɟɦɵ RS -ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ (ɪɢɫ.8), ɡɚɦɟɧɢɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 15. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ Ⱦ1. ȼ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ Ⱦ2 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ 1, ɬ.ɟ. ɱɟɪɟɡ R ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɤ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɚ. Ⱦ2. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ1 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
0, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɨ ɨɛɨɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɚɦ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ 1. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ1 ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 1,
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ ɋ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɡɚɪɹɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɵɯɨɞ Ⱦ1 ɢ R. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ UBX.D2 ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ( ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 16).
ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ UBX.D2 ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ U0BX. (ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɭɥɹ) UBɕX.D2 ɫɤɚɱɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ
Uɜɯ |
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ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ |
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ɀɆ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 15. |
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ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ. |
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ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 1 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɯɨɞ Ⱦ1. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɜɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ1 ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɬɨɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ 1,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ1 ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ 0. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɫɹ. ɀɆ ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɀɆ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɂ-ɇȿ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 17. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.18.
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Ɋɢɫ.17 ɀɆ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
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Ɋɢɫ.18 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ |
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ɀɆ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 17. |
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ tɂ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɚɯ ɷɥɟ-
ɦɟɧɬɚ Ⱦ9.2. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɛɨɥɟɟ U0BX.)ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɯɨɞɟ Ⱦ9.2 (ɜɵɜɨɞ 5) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ
WɊȺɁ = ɋ3 R4
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɀɆ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Ʉ155ȺȽ1 (ɫɦ. ɫɯ. ɪɢɫ. 19).
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Ɋɢɫ.19 ɀɆ Ʉ 155 ȺȽ 1.
Ɇɋ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦɢ Q ɢ Q . Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ). ȼɯɨɞ ȼ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ - ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ), ɜɯɨɞɵ A1, A2 - ɢɧɜɟɪɫɧɵɟ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ - ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ). ɋɢɝɧɚɥ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ Ɋɋ -ɡɜɟɧɚ: ɜɪɟɦɹɡɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ ɋ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ 10 ɢ 11, ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ RW ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ 11 ɢ 14. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ: Wȼɕɏ = ɋW RW ln2 | 0,7 ɋW RW
Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɨɬ 30 ɦɫ ɞɨ 0,28 ɫ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ.5 ɞɚɧɚ ɫɜɨɞɤɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ Ʉ155ȺȽ1. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦɢ Q ɢ Q ɨɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɚɯ A1, A2 , ȼ (ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ). ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ (ɫɬɪɨɤɢ 5-9) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ