13. The phonemic status of English dipthongs.

Problem

Russian: monophonemic:

• articulatory indivisibility

• morphological indivisibility

• syllable indivisibility

• duration

• commutation

• natives (vasyl’ev and zinder)

American descriptivists: clusters (why?)

+ Triphongs

14. Phonostylistics. Classification of phonemic styles.

The style is the principles of selections and arrangement and the ways of combining language means.

Vs traditional.

Informational, academic, publicistic, declamatory, conversational.

15. Modification of consonants in connected speech.

Consonants are modified according to the place of articulation

Assimilation — adaptive modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant in the speech chain. (at three)

Reduction — qualitative or quantitative weakening of vowels in unstressed positions.

Elision — complete loss of sounds. Different in different speech.

Linking and intrusive r — insertion. Linking: care of, intrusive asia and.

16. Phonotatics. Rules of syllable division, functions of the syllable.

Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel.

Rules of syllable division: problem exists only in case of intervocalic consonants and their clusters.

Functions:

• constitutive: a part of the word or a word itself. + prosodic characteristics of speech inside.

• Distinctive — differentiation of syllables or words

17. Phonostylistics. Extra linguistic situation components.

Purpose: why is language used here? Various phonetic ways of reflecting speaker’s intention. Topics, activities, subject.

Participants (individual characteristics, social relationship, age, sex, emotional state)

Scene (setting) — (physical orientation?distance, public/private, polite/casueal, high/low cultures, formal and in-)

18. Word stress

Word stress is the greater degree of special prominence given to one or more syllables as compared with that of the other syllable or syllables of the same word. To all even monosyllabic words, too.

Types:

• Dynamic — tonic (greater force or utterance — pitch level)

• Qualitative — quantitative (unobsctured  — longer)

Stress is a complex phenomenon, marked by variations in force, pitch, quantity and quality.

Place of the word stress, degrees (british 3, American 4)

Tendencies:

• Recessive (word stress falls on the initial or the 2^nd if the root is with prefixes. Angl-sax words and French borrowings. Mother, brother, begin; reason, colour.)

• Rhythmical (appearance of the second stress in the multisyllabic French borrowings. Revolution. Primary stress on the 3^rd syllable from the end cinema, articulate)

• Retentive (a derivative has the same stress as the parent word similar — assimilate)

Functions:

• constitutive (constitutes a word, organizes the syllables of a word into a language unit)

• recognitive (a person identifies the syllables as a definite accentual pattern of a word, makes communication easier)

• distinctive (differenciate the meaning of words or their forms. import)