7. Status of the neutral vowel

Phonological analysis: neutral sound vs other unstressed vowels.

The most common is [i] — independent opposition.

Morphological aspect: derivatives of the same root. Neutral sound is the neutralized allophone of the non-reduced vowels.

8. English vowels according to the tongue positions

Horizontal movement: (no 2, 5 acc to british)

1. Front

2. Front retracted

3. Central

4. Back

5. Back advanced

Vertical movement British:

1. High (close)

2. Mid (half-open)

3. Low (open)

Vertical movement Russian:

1. Close

   1. Narrow

   2. Broad

2. Mid

   1. Narrow

   2. Broad

3. Open

   1. Narrow

   2. Broad

Diphthongs centering (schwa glide): closing (I, u glide)

9. Rp. Changes in the standard.

3–5 % of the population, aristocracy and court, social marker.

London area.

Types: conservative, general, advanced + southern near-RP

Changes in the standard:

— Stability of articulation: shortening of diphthongs, smoothening by schwa, shift to o.

— Combinative changes: loss of j. , lenghthening of short vowels.

— voicing and devoicing. Bag, back, be(dd)er

 — loss of h: her to come

— hw

— glottal stops

— palatalization

— linking and intrusive r

— elision, reduction, assimilation in fluent speech

— combinative changes: tj >tsh

— influence of spelling

10. The system of English consonant phonemes

Type of obstruction and the manner of production of noise (Vasyl’ev):

• Occlusive (complete obstruction)

  • Noise sonorants ( — plosives, — affricates)

  • sonorants

• Constrictive (incomplete obstruction)

  • Noise consonants

  • Sonorants (— medial, — lateral)

Degree of noise (tone prevalence)

• Noise consonants

  • (— occlusive, — occlusive-constrictive, — constrictive )

• Sonorants

  • Occlusive

  • Constrictive (— medial, — lateral)

Sonorants — semivowels (function vs. phonetic). By British phoneticians.

By soviet ones: art. acou. and phon. point of view — consonants.

Place of articulation

• Labial (— bilabial, — labiodental)

• Lingual (— forelingual, — mediolingual, — backlingual)

• Glottal

Force of articulation (energy difference)

• Weak (lenis) — voiced

• Strong (fortis) — voiceless

Position of soft palate

• Oral

• Nazal

11. English vowels

Stability of articulation:

• Stable (monophthongs)

• Fairly changeable

• changable

Lip rounding:

• spread

• rounded

• unrounded

Checkness: Sound is more checked before voiceless consonant

Length: short and long (relevant feature? Jones finds oppositions (chronemes), vasil’ev — no)

Tenseness: tense (long), lax (short)

12. Phonostylistics. Phonetics style-forming and style-modifying factors.

The style is the principles of selections and arrangement and the ways of combining. Non-linguistic features correlate with phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels of the language.

Style forming factor: the purpose or aim of the utterance.

Style modifying factors: the speakers attitude, the form of communication, degree of formality, the degree of spontaneity

Short description of all styles (Inform, Academic, Public, Declam, Convers)