- •Министерство образования и науки украины
- •Classical regime change rubicon: the triumph and tragedy of the roman republic
- •I. Write the transcription and memorize the following words:
- •II. Read and translate the text
- •III. Read the following words:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •V. Choose the sentences which correspond to the description of Cicero, Sulla, Octavian and Julius Caesar.
- •VI. Answer the questions.
- •Sea gives up top romans’ leizure liner
- •I. Write the transcription and memorize the following words:
- •II. Read and translate the text.
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Give the synonyms to the words:
- •V. Translate the sentences into English:
- •VI. Make up your own sentences with the words (see task 1).
- •VII. Discuss the topics:
- •VIII. Read the text.
- •Senua, britain’s unknown goddess
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •III. Read the following words:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •V. Answer the questions.
- •VII. Find in the text synonyms to the words and phrases.
- •The truth of arthur
- •II. Read and translate the text
- •III. Chose the appropriate words below and insert them to the sentences according to the text:
- •IV. Make up the correct sentences according to the article:
- •V. Find English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Make up some sentences using these phrases:
- •VI. Study the given words and word-combinations:
- •Immortality, to immortalize, immortalized.
- •VII. Tell whether it is truth or false.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Complete the following sentences according to the text:
- •X. Shorten the article about Arthur and prepare your brief informative summary. T h e l o s t c I V I l I z a t I o n
- •II. Read and translate the text.
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Give the synonyms to the words:
- •People and biographies
- •I . Study the following words:
- •II. Read and translate the text.
- •III. Answer the Questions:
- •IV. Give the synonyms and the antonyms to the words:
- •V. Translate the sentences into English:
- •VI. Make up your own sentences with the words (see task 1).
- •VII. Discuss the topics:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •III. Answer the Questions:
- •IV. Give the synonyms to the words:
- •V. Translate the sentences into English:
- •VI. Make up your own sentences with the words (see task 1).
- •VII. Discuss the topics:
- •Iron lady’s steps upstairs
- •I. Write the transcription and memorize the following words:
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •In the family
- •III. Read the text and summarise it using the words in bold type.
- •VI. Write an essay and discuss the following topics:
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •III. Summarise the text using the words in bold type.
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •II. Read and translate the text.
- •III. Read the text and summarise it using the words in bold type.
- •IV. Translate into Russian the items in brackets.
- •V. Answer these questions (use the words in bold type).
- •VI. 1) Explain in English the meaning of the words and phrases:
- •For one convict woman, trial by water was a far better fate than death by fair
- •Dangerous liaisons
- •I. Write in the transcription and memorize the following words:
- •III. Read and translate the following words:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •V. Answer the questions:
- •VI. Use the following words in the sentences given below: accusation, accuse, accusatory, the accused, accusing, accusingly.
- •VII. Memorize the following phraseological units and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •II. Read and translate the text: the queen mother’s legend, a confection of fact and fiction
- •V. Complete the sentences according to the text:
- •History of the christmas pudding
- •III. Insert the appropriate words inside of each sentence. You can find the list of words below:
- •Write in the transcription and memorize the following words:
- •II. Read and translate the text. A taste for tradition
- •III. Read the following words: Harmonisation
- •IV. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •V. Choose the sentences which correspond to the description of Bath School of Cookery and which correspond to the description of Culinary Institute of America (cia).
- •Mc donald’s responds to anti-capitalist grilling
- •Examining the cost of a place at university
- •London stalling
- •I. Write in the transcription and memorize the following words:
- •The British Bobby
- •Love, death and politics
- •I. Write in the transcription and memorize the following words:
- •Lording it up
- •I. Read and translate the following sentimental story.
- •II. Choose the correct variant.
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Retell the text using the following phrases:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with the suitable elements given below:
- •VII. Read and retell the story:
- •VIII. Find information in the text about:
- •IX. Note the difference between the following synonyms:
- •X. Complete the sentences inserting: journey, voyage, travel, trip, journeys, tour.
- •XII. Discuss the following article. Make up a plan and compare it with those of your group-mates
- •XVI. Render the following text in English:
- •XVII. Render in English and discuss:
- •XIII. Make up situations based on the text using the following words and word-combinations:
- •XIV. Read the text. Answer the questions that follow it. The Tube
- •XV. Assignments:
- •XVI. A) Study the talk between Clara and a stranger. Note the forms of asking the way.
- •XVII.A. Study the talk between Clara and a passer-by. Note the forms of asking the way and giving directions.
- •Donetsk National University
- •XVIII. Study the dialogue and pay attention to the possible ways of asking for and giving directions.
- •XIX. Ask your friend.
- •XX. Act out the following situation.
- •XXI. Topics for oral and written composition.
- •O u t - o f - c l a s s r e a d I n g pubs
- •The civil war
- •Introductory note
- •The bill of rights
- •The bill of rights
- •Protections afforded fundamental rights and freedoms
- •Protections against arbitrary military action
- •Protection against arbitrary police and court action
- •The Erection of the Statue of Liberty
- •Presidential stumbles and successes
- •The new europe
- •Immigration
Mc donald’s responds to anti-capitalist grilling
Write in the transcription and memorize the following words:
respond |
|
отвечать, реагировать, отзываться |
nutrition fare allegation retailer shortcoming infancy audit swifty ubiquitous legitimate notorious crucial franchise liability |
|
питание, пища плата заявление торговец недостаток, дефект ранняя стадия развития проверка отчетности быстро, скоро повсеместный, вездесущий законный, правильный пользующийся дурной славой решающий, критический право участвовать в выборах ответственность |
appease |
|
успокаивать, облегчать, умиротворять |
transparent |
|
прозрачный, ясный, понятный, очевидный |
convict |
|
осуждать, заключать в тюрьму |
sue |
|
преследовать судебным порядком, возбуждать дело |
challenge |
|
бросать вызов, вызывать |
squalid |
|
нищенский, убогий, запущенный |
stumble |
|
спотыкаться, запинаться |
persistent |
|
упорный, настойчивый |
Read and translate the text:
The group claims to have listened to its critics on issues of globalization, nutrition, and the environment. But not all of them are likely to be appeased, says Alison Maitland.
Is McDonald's, the ubiquitous symbol of US-led globalization and the target of anti-capitalist campaigners, enjoying an image makeover? That certainly seems to be its hope with the publication today of its first worldwide social responsibility report.
The fast food company, which has tried in the past to silence environmentalist critics, is now telling the world it is addressing "legitimate questions" about globalization, nutrition and the environment. "Our brand can sometimes be used as a symbol for these kinds of issues," says Jack Greenberg, chairman and CEO. "Although we may not always agree on every issue, we want to be responsive and more transparent. We know we are not perfect."
McDonald's has been attacked for everything from the quality of its food and its treatment of employees to its impact on local cultures and the environment. Its restaurants, sporting the "golden arches" sign, have been the target of anti-globalization demonstrators, most notoriously Jose Bove, the militant French farmer convicted of destroying a McDonald's construction site in 1999.
The McLibel case, in which McDonald's sued two UK environmental campaigners in the High Court in London and won in 1997, was seen as a public relations disaster for the company - an attempt by a Goliath multinational to destroy its tiny opponents. The Court of Appeal later ruled as fair comment the environmentalists' claims that McDonald's employees fared badly on pay and conditions and that "if one eats enough McDonald's food, one's diet may well become high in fat etc, with the very real risk of heart disease". The court ruled unjustified, however, their allegations about food poisoning, rainforest destruction and starvation in the developing world.
The McDonald's 46-page social responsibility report addresses many of these issues, summarizing its activities and goals under four headings: community, environment, people and the wider marketplace. The latter includes animal welfare and labour practices at McDonald's suppliers. So is this primarily an attempt to answer critics?
Mr. Greenberg is unwilling to discuss the McLibel case, describing it as history. Some of the criticism leveled at McDonald's is the result of its high profile, he says. "People looking to create publicity for their point of view will attack brands like McDonald's because it's more visible." However, he admits that "we've made mistakes in the past, and we know how to learn from those mistakes. We've grown in our understanding of the need to be more communicative and to engage in dialogue."
The company's belief in "social responsibility" pre-dates the term itself, he says. Ray Kroc, who founded the business in 1955, argued that the restaurants should "give back" to the communities in which they operated. "We're proud of a lot of the things we've done," says Mr. Greenberg. "I think telling our story will help people understand what we're all about."
Part of this story is that the company has been working closely with pressure groups and independent scientists in the past few years to try to minimize ecological damage and to improve animal welfare. These initiatives have already had an impact on opinion. Campaign groups and media commentators placed McDonald's 14th in last year's Financial Times/PwC survey of the world's most respected companies for environmental performance.
In today's report, the company points out that it has a long-standing policy not to buy beef from rainforest lands. It says it is investigating buying paper from sustainable forests and is testing new packaging materials such as EarthShell, made mostly from calcium carbonate and recycled potato starch rather than paper or plastic. "These are examples of ways our efforts are evolving: how we need to challenge our traditional thinking, start asking different and better questions, and balance our focus and actions on both restaurant and supply chain impacts."
Conservation International's Centre for Environmental Leadership in Business is working with McDonald's to prevent damage to biodiversity from the agricultural practices of its suppliers. "They've been a step ahead of others in the industry in making these environmental goals," says Glenn Prickett, executive director.
On animal welfare, Joy Mench, professor of animal science at the University of California at Davis, has acted as an unpaid consultant to McDonald's for two years and says its efforts are not mere window-dressing. "It took a lot of negotiation and work with their suppliers to help them comply."
Responding to customer demand and pressure from animal welfare activists, McDonald's has set new US standards, for example on the way chickens are housed, that other leading food retailers are following, she says. "It's the first big change I've seen in more than 20 years.”
Validation of this kind is crucial to McDonald's case. Its social report has considerable shortcomings, and the company acknowledges some of them. First, it has not been subject to independent verification. Bob Langert, senior director for global social responsibility, says this is because social reporting is still in its infancy and lacks generally accepted auditing practices. "We'll study that as it goes on."
Second, it is short on numbers and contains almost no data that allow comparison with past performance. In the "people" section, for example, it lists awards it has received. McDonald's Brazil was named "the best company to work for" and McDonald's Sweden "the best developer of people". But without comparative data, the reader has to take on trust its claim to" pay more than competitors in South Africa, or more than the officially required rate in Sri Lanka. The report also makes no reference to trade unions and collective bargaining.
McDonald's says it is following the guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative, the sustainability reporting organization that was inaugurated in New York this month. However, the GRI states that "reliable comparative data should be provided to enable informed comparison over time".
The problem, McDonald's acknowledges, lies in its franchise model. More than 70 percent of its 29,000 restaurants in 121 countries are owned and operated by independent entrepreneurs. It lacks systems to collect and aggregate information about what these operators do for their community, their people and the environment.
In confronting its anti-globalization critics, McDonald's makes much of this franchise system, insisting that "in essence we are a network of local businesses owned by local entrepreneurs, who hire local people, and purchase from regional and national suppliers and service companies".
But is this not a potential liability for McDonald's in trying to ensure all its outlets and suppliers meet the same standards of social responsibility? Mr. Greenberg replies that, while it is harder to collect data, the model gives McDonald's an advantage over multinationals that have stumbled by failing to understand that other countries operate differently from the US.
Given the damage caused by events such as the McLibel trial, McDonald's needs to demonstrate that it can handle criticism sensitively. An interesting example in the report is the way it responded to allegations in the South China Morning Post in 2000 that one of its facilities in China was employing child labour and forcing employees to live and work in squalid conditions. McDonald's sent in a multinational team of auditors from four social compliance monitoring companies. Although they found no evidence to back up the allegations, they uncovered serious record-keeping irregularities and related problems. "As a consequence, we terminated this supplier," the report says. "Compliance programmes cannot guarantee compliance, but they must incorporate processes that can deal swiftly and effectively with non-compliance."
Whatever independent observers make of McDonald's first step in social reporting, Mr. Greenberg has no illusions that it will shake off the most persistent accusers, such as those behind the critical McSpotlight website. "We want to work with non-governmental organisations that want to make progress on these important issues. Some don't want to do that, and that's disappointing," he says. "I don't think it will silence every critic."
Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. What has McDonald's been attacked for?
2. How was the McLibel case seen for the company?
3. What issues does the McDonald's social responsibility report address?
4. What have companys initiatives had an impact on campaign groups opinion?
5. Towards what has the company a long-standing policy?
6. How does McDonald's try to prevent damage to the environment?
7. What are shortcomings of the companys social report? Does the company acknowledge them?
8. Does McDonald's need to demonstrate that it can handle criticism sensitively? In what way?
Give English equivalent of the following words and phrases with reference to the text:
-отплатить за обиду
- давнишняя политика
- исполнять (требование, просьбу)
- утверждение
- подтверждение
- верить на слово
- испытывать нужду
- рынок сбыта
- поддерживать
Make up your own sentences with the words (see tasks 1,2,5).
Finish up the following sentences:
1. Its restaurants, sporting…
2. People looking to create …
3. The company points out that …
4. Responding to customer demand and …
5. But without comparative data, the reader …
6. … while it is harder to collect data, the model …
7. We want to work with …
Write down a summary of the text.
Discuss the following topics:
1. I like any kind of "fast food". I don't like it at all.
2. Would you like to have a company like McDonald's or so?