менгардт английский для техн вузов

7.17.Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets, as in the model.

Model: – If Julia … time, she … how to drive. (have; learn)

–If Julia had time, she would learn how to drive.

1.If she … harder, she … better in her exams. (studу; be)

2.I … this jacket if you … it for me. (not wear; buy)

3.Helen … in a university football team if she … taller. (play; be)

4.If you … better marks in Physics, you … in the conference. (have; take part)

5.If the Browns … the Italian food, they … to the Italian restaurant every weekend. (not like; not go)

6.If I … to New York, I … the Statue of Liberty. (travel; visit)

7.Kelly … a car if she … how to drive. (get; know)

8.If John … near the sea, he … swimming every day. (live; go)

9.I … the humanity college if I … good at History and Literature. (enter; be)

10.Steve … late for work if he … earlier. (not be; get up)

11.If Mary … more friends, she … such a shy person. (have; be)

12.John … fitter if he … to the swimming-pool. (be; go)

7.18.Read the conversation from ex. 7.16. again and write down Hans and Helen’s answers, as in the model.

Model: – If Helen had a perfect weekend, she would go to Stratford.

7.19.Complete the following sentences.

1.If I studied harder, … .

2.If I went to the super market, … .

3.I would speak English fluently if … .

4.If I were ill, … .

5.If I won the lottery, … .

6.I would visit the Eiffel Tower if … .

7.If I traveled to the United Kingdom, … .

8.I would ask my parents for help if … .

9.If I bought a camera, … .

10.I would buy a new computer if … .

11.I would feel happier if … .

12.If I had more free time … .

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Table 7.5

Joining Sentences

Fred opened the door and turned on the lights.

I looked out of the window but I couldn’t see anything.

You should write the article by next Friday or I won’t include it in the university journal.

Barbara wanted to get a higher education so she went to Oxford. I was having lunch with my group-mates when the phone rang. I didn’t pass the exam because I hadn’t worked hard.

Henry finished his work, then he left the office.

7.20.Complete the following sentences with and, but, so, because, when or then.

1.We were waiting for Tom’s answer … he didn’t say anything.

2.Remember to say “please” and “thank you” … you are in England.

3.Never push into a queue of people … they will get angry.

4.I find London a very exiting city, … I will go there on my holiday.

5.The weather was cold … we arrived in Moscow.

6.The guests took off their shoes, … they entered the living room.

7.I never go to the library … I have a lot of books at home.

8.Don’t kiss anyone in public … it’s very rude.

9.English is spoken all over the world … it is the second language in many countries.

10.The climate in the north is temperate … it is moderate in the south.

7.21.Write about your perfect weekend. Mention the following things:

–the country you would like to visit

–the means of transport you would take

–a companion you would take with you

–the food you would have

–things you would take

–a place you would stay at

–three things you would do there

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Unit 8. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

8.1.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to the examples.

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8.2.Read the following sentences and decide if they are true or false.

1.The United States are the first largest country by total area, and the third largest by land area and by population.

2.The United States are a constitutional republic.

3.The Independence Day is on 4th August.

4.The USA are the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food.

5.The president of the USA serves a five-year term.

6.The country’s national economy is the largest in the world.

7.There are three political parties in the USA: the Democratic Party, the Republican Party and the Communist party.

8.The United States were the first that largely developed the Arpanet and its successor, the Internet.

9.Thomas Edison, who was American, developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera.

10.There are two official languages in the USA: English and Spanish.

11.Football is now the most spectacular sport in the United States.

12.During World War II, the United States developed nuclear weapons.

8.3.Read the text “The United States of America” and check your answers.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic that comprises fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated almost entirely in the western hemisphere: its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. They

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border on Canada in the north and Mexico in the south; the state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent bordered on Canada in the east, and the state of Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific. The United States also possesses fourteen territories, or insular areas, that are scattered around the Caribbean and Pacific. The total area of the country is 9.83 million square kilometers with over 300 million people. The United States is the third largest country by total area, and the third largest country by land area and by population. The United States is one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. Its national economy is the largest in the world.

Colloquial names for the country include the common America as well as the States. The term Americas, for the lands of the western hemisphere, was coined in the early sixteenth century after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer and cartographer. The full name of the country was first used officially in the Declaration of Independence, which was the “unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America” adopted by the “Representatives of the united States of America” on July 4, 1776. The standard way to refer to a citizen of the United State is as an American.

The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont. The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest. The Mississippi-Missouri River, the world’s fourth longest river system, runs mainly north-south through

the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie land of the Great Plains stretches to the west. The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the continental United States, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado. The area to the west of the Rockies is dominated by deserts such as the Mojave and the rocky Great Basin. The Sierra Nevada range runs parallel to Rockies, relatively close to the Pacific coast.

Because of the United States’ large size and wide range of geographic features, nearly every type of climate is represented: temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and arid in the Great Basin.

The United States is the world’s oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic, “in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights” protected by law. It is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy. Federal government is composed of three branches: legislative, executive and judiciary.

– A legislative branch is represented by the bicameral Congress, that consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the rarely used power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.

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–An executive branch is represented by the president who is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.

–A judiciary branch consists of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.

The president serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. Politics in the United States have operated under a two-party system for virtually all of the country’s history. Since the general election of 1856, the two dominant parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824 (though its roots trace back to 1792), and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered “center-right” or conservative and the Democratic Party is considered “center-left” or liberal.

The United States has vast economic, political, and military influence on a global scale, which makes its foreign policy a subject of great interest around the world. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C. The United States has a capitalist mixed economy, which is fueled by abundant natural resources. The United States remains an industrial power, with chemical products as the leading manufacturing field. The United States is the third

largest producer of oil in the world, and its largest consumer. It is the number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy in the world, as well as liquid natural gas, aluminum, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. Agriculture accounts for only 1 percent for the country itself but 60 percent of the world’s agricultural production.

The United States has been a leader in scientific research and technological innovation since the late nineteenth century, attracting immigrants such as Albert Einstein. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first patent for the telephone. The laboratory of Thomas Edison developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera. In the early twentieth century, the automobile companies of Ransom Olds and Henry Ford pioneered assembly line manufacturing. During World War II, the United States developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the atomic age. The space race produced rapid advances in rocketry, material science, computers, and many other areas. The United States largely developed the Arpanet and its successor, the Internet. Americans enjoy high levels of access to technological consumer goods. Almost half of U.S. households have broadband Internet service. The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food.

Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the national language. In 2003, about 215 million, or 82 percent of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by over 10 percent of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught foreign language.

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American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. Children are obliged in most states to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, kindergarten or first grade) until they turn eighteen (generally bringing them through 12th grade, the end of high school); some states allow students to leave school at sixteen or seventeen. About 12 percent of children are enrolled in private schools. Just over 2 percent of children are homeschooled. The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education There are also many smaller universities and liberal arts colleges, and local community colleges of varying quality with open admission policies.

Since the late nineteenth century, baseball has been regarded as the national pastime; football, basketball, and ice hockey are the country’s three other leading professional team sports. College football and basketball also attract large audiences. Football is now the most popular and the most spectacular sport in the United States. Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports, but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing. Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States, four Summer games and four Winter games. The United States has won 2,191 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country, and the second most in the Winter Olympic Games, with 216 medals. Several American athletes have become world famous, in particular baseball player Babe Ruth, boxer Muhammad Ali, and basketball player Michael Jordan.

The United States of America has always been the country, that of given much attention and the interest as it has always been the leading in all the spheres of life and technology.

8.4.Read the text “The United States of America” again and answer the following questions.

1.Who is the President of the USA at the moment?

2.Which countries does the USA border on?

3.Is English an official language of the USA?

4.What are the most popular sports in the USA?

5.Which people made the USA the world famous in the sphere of science and technology?

6.What inventions is Thomas Edison famous for?

7.Is horse racing the most spectacular sport in the USA?

8.How many political parties are there in the USA?

9.What are three leading professional team sports in the USA?

10.What natural resources are the USA rich in?

11.How many medals has the USA won at the Summer Olympic Games?

12.What place does the USA have as the winner of the Winter Olympic Games?

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8.5. Read the following words and notice their pronunciation.

manufacturing [`mxnjH`fxkC(q)rIN]

Table 8.1

Past Progressive Tense

Yesterday at 5 p.m. I was talking to the dean.

He was not (wasn’t) cooking dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday.

Were they having a business meeting at the same time a week ago?

– Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

What were you doing yesterday at eight o’clock in the morning?

– I was having breakfast.

I was cooking dinner while Ann was cleaning the house. Pat was reading a magazine while Terry was watching TV.

8.6.Complete the following sentences with the past progressive form of the verb in brackets, as in the model.

Model: – Angela … a magazine while Anthony … computer games. (read; play)

–Angela was reading a magazine while Anthony was playing computer games.

1.The students … in the Town Park when it started to rain. (walk)

2. At the party Hillary … her new leather jacket while Edward …

asmart black suit. (wear; wear)

3.John hurt his leg when he … the street. (cross)

4.Stewart … photocopies when the photocopier broke down. (make)

5.Lilly … her homework when I phoned. (not do)

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6.Susan … into the bus when she noticed her group-mate. (get)

7.It … when I first arrived in Moscow. (snow)

8.Dan … English while his sister … for the French exam. (learn; prepare)

9.Brenda … along the street when her mobile phone rang. (walk)

10.Jennifer and her friends … coffee in a café when they had some bad news. (drink)

8.7. Write the correct question for the following sentences, as in the model.

Model: – I was having lunch in a café yesterday at 1.30. (Who)

–Who were you having lunch with?

1.Ann was driving fast because she wanted to be in time. (Why)

2.It was raining heavily in New York. (What time)

3.Fiona was wearing smart clothes at the party. (What exactly)

4.Laura was cooking in the kitchen when I arrived. (What)

5.Steve was reading yesterday at 10 p.m. (What)

6.At midnight Mary and Colin were driving. (Where)

7.When I arrived my sister was talking on the phone. (Who)

8.It was the beginning of June, so the sun was shining brightly. (Why)

9.I was watching television for the whole evening. (Which program)

10.When I looked out of the window, some people were standing near the house. (How many people)

8.8.Read the dialogue between Helen and Christian. They are talking about their last weekend. What time were they doing the following things?

Christian:

1.He was trying to get up.

2.He was shopping with his mother.

3.He was watching an interesting film on TV.

4.He was having dinner with his cousin Andrew.

5.He was preparing for the test in Geometry.

6.He was reading poems.

Helen:

1.She was having breakfast with her parents.

2.She was cleaning her room.

3.She was helping to her mother in the kitchen.

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