менгардт английский для техн вузов
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12.9. Put the verbs in brackets into the right form, as in the model.
Model: – He didn’t want to be asked that question. (ask – simple passive)
1.I’m sorry … you but the question is very important (disturb – simple active)
2.I was very upset … the seminar. (miss – perfect active)
3.The high-speed devices … as secondary storage are both input and output devices. (use – perfect passive)
4.These difficulties are too great … . (ignore – simple passive)
5.Russia was the first country … the cosmic era. (start – simple active)
6.The film … for over a month this year attracts attention of many spectators. (run – perfect progressive active)
7.A printer is an example of a device … output in a human readable format. (produce – simple active)
12.10.Substitute the attribute clause by the passive infinitive.
Model: – the questions which will be discussed
–the questions to be discussed
1.the reports which will be given
2.the choice which should be made
3.the works which will be cited here
4.the information which will be given here
5.the gap which must be filled
6.the difficulties which must be overcome
7.the phenomena which will be described
8.the conception which must be revised
9.the point which should be stressed
10.the role which must be played by the program committee
12.11.Combine the two sentences by changing the second one into the active infinitive phrase, as in the model.
Model: – The problem is interesting enough: it can attract much attention.
– The problem is interesting enough to attract much attention.
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1.The device is sufficiently precise: it can satisfy our needs.
2.The energy is high enough: it can induce the process.
3.This man has enough experience: he can work at this laboratory.
4.We have enough time: we can talk about something else.
5.The temperature is sufficiently high: it can speed up the process.
6.He has done enough work: he can write a doctoral thesis.
7.It is a good enough catalyst: it can accelerate the process.
8.The evidence is convincing enough: it can clear up the question.
9.The measures are effective enough: they can give some good results.
10.The method is sufficiently precise: it enables us to check the results.
12.12.Combine the two sentences by changing the second one into the passive infinitive phrase, as in the model.
Model: – The method is good enough: it can be used in our work.
– The method is good enough to be used in our work.
1.The error is small enough: it can be neglected.
2.The problem is difficult enough: it should be discussed now.
3.The idea is good enough: it can be applied to our case.
4.The procedure is simple enough: it should be used in our work.
5.The work is promising enough: it should be continued.
6.The solution is sufficiently pure: it can be used in the experiment.
7.These results are reliable enough: they can be used for further work.
8.The device is precise enough: it should be used in our measurements.
Table 12.2
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Functions |
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Function |
Example |
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Subject |
To translate articles is difficult. |
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His task was to translate the article in time. |
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Part of predicate |
He can translate articles. |
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He will translate this article next week. |
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Object |
He likes to translate technical articles. |
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I am glad to have translated this article. |
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He was the first to translate the article. |
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Attribute |
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Here is the article to translate. |
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Here is the article to be translated. |
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Adverbial modifier |
He went home to translate the article. |
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To translate articles you must know English well. |
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12.13.Point out the infinitive function in the following sentences.
1.To translate such an article without a dictionary is difficult.
2.Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy.
3.There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication.
4.To work with computer was new to us.
5.Our aim is to translate technical articles without a dictionary.
6.To distinguish between cause and effect is sometimes difficult.
7.A special electronic device signals the engine to stop.
8.To convert the electrical connections of the peripheral an interface is used.
9.Some minicomputers allow the word length to vary.
10.Programming a computer involves analyzing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.
12.14.Translate the text. Point out the infinitive function.
Information is frequently considered to be almost synonymous with knowledge. It is in this context that information scientists are concerned with information. What then is a satisfactory definition of information? In order to define information, the thing to begin with is the use of information. Information is used to make decisions; in fact, the only available resource for a decision maker is information. The decision maker may be a single person, a committee, or a machine, but in any case the decision is based on information selected from the available data. Thus information represents data of value to make decisions.
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Table 12.3 |
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Gerund and Infinitive functions |
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Gerund |
Infinitive |
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Subject |
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Studying English is difficult. |
To study English is difficult. |
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Part of predicate |
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My aim is studying English. |
My aim is to study English. |
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Object |
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I like studying English. |
I like to study English. |
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Attribute |
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There are a lot of ways of studying |
There are a lot of ways to study |
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English. |
English. |
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Adverbial modifier |
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I am going to London for studying |
I am going to London to study |
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English. |
English. |
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admit, mention, complete, hate, |
agree, mean, offer, plan, ask, prepare, |
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consider, recommend, discuss, stop, |
decide, seem, expect, believe, learn, |
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finish, complete, suggest, keep, |
make, hope, want, would like (’d like) |
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mind, understand, enjoy |
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approve of, be engaged in, insist on, |
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thank for, think of, be interested in, |
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rely on, reason for, keep on, be |
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worth, depend on, be fond of, |
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object to, opportunity of, look |
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forward, way of, idea of |
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12.15.Choose the correct variant.
1.I’d like to thank you … at the conference.
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a) for taking part |
b) to take part |
2. |
We insisted … about the results of the test. |
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a) to be informed |
b) on being informed |
3. |
He seems … a lot of interesting things in computer business. |
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a) to know |
b) knowing |
4.Do you really have an opportunity … your exams with excellent marks?
a) to pass b) of passing
5. She is planning … the article by the end of the week. a) finishing b) to finish
6.Before the winter session all the students of our faculty are engaged … some laboratory works.
a) to do b) in doing
7. Her report is worth … the President scholarship. a) winning b) to win
12.16.Read the text “Marketing” and answer the following questions.
1.Which things are necessary to produce something efficiently?
2.What functions does marketing involve?
3.What is the object of market research?
4.How are products distributed to consumers?
5.Why should marketing managers always be in close touch with market conditions?
6.Will the customers buy new products if they don’t know about them?
7.Which skills does the selling involve?
MARKETING
If production is to meet needs, two things are necessary. The first is that producers must know what to produce. And the second is that consumers must know what is being produced. Linking these two factors together is the task and responsibility of the marketing staff.
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Marketing involves keeping producers aware of the needs of consumers and ensuring that their products are made available to consumers in the way and form they want.
There are some functions that marketing involves:
1.Market research. The object of market research is primarily to find out what the public wants. Market researchers should find out what consumers want and advise producers accordingly. They also recommend the standard of quality, style of packaging, choice of brand – name and general design of the products concerned.
2.Distribution. Products can be distributed to consumers in different ways. Some are best distributed through the manufacturer’s own retail outlet, some through a network of wholesalers and retailers, others by direct mail-order.
3.Pricing. Marketing managers should always be in close touch with market conditions so that they can advice on the best price to charge for products.
4.Advertising. If customers don’t know about new products, they will never buy them. Marketing managers are expected to know the best ways to advertise products. This involves choice of media (radio, television, press and boarding). It also involves knowing the best form of advertisement to be taken and the advertising slogan to be used.
5. Selling. This involves the skills of personal selling, together with display and presentation skills such as those involved in window displays, exhibitions, news releases, and product promotions.
12.17.Use the expressions from the box and complete the following sentences.
effectively |
in close touch |
the standard of quality |
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customers |
Market researches |
advertise |
functions |
consumers |
primarily produce |
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1.If production is to meet needs … two things are necessary.
2.There are some … that marketing involves.
3.… … should find out what consumers want and need.
4.Marketing managers should always be … … … with market conditions.
5.If … don’t know about new products, they will never buy them.
6.Marketing managers are expected to know the best ways to … products.
7.Market researchers recommend … … … … and style of packing.
8.The … must know what is being produced.
9.The object of market research is … to find out what the public wants.
10.Producers must know what to … .
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12.18. Write the correct question for the following sentences, as in the model.
Model: – Market researchers recommend name and general design of products concerned. (What)
–What things do market researchers recommend?
1.Today’s workers tend to possess higher expectations for the working environment because they have a higher level of education. (Why)
2.Customers purchase the organization’s products. (Who)
3.Trade organizations study changes in demographics to identify groups of possible buyers. (What kind of changes)
4.A top manager uses the information for making critical decisions about markets. (What)
5.There are four basic types of short-term objectives in management planning. (How many)
12.19.Match the words in columns A and B to make the expressions.
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B |
1. management |
a) plans |
2. personal |
b) role |
3. specific |
c) functions |
4. important |
d) responsibility |
5. alternative |
e) job |
6. human |
f) analysis |
7. fact-based |
g) resources |
8. potential |
h) abilities |
9. ongoing |
i) structure |
10. managerial |
j) communication |
12.20.Complete the following sentences with the expressions from exercise 12.19.
1.Management plays a very … in any business.
2.If the major problem exists, then changes need to be made in the company’s … .
3.Managers evaluate … before choosing a specific course of action.
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4.Effective direction by managers requires … with employees.
5.The team roles require leadership abilities that are expressed in the development of … .
6.In directing managers motivate workers so that they reach their … .
7.Regardless of the … , most managers perform four basic functions.
8.Managers today are increasingly engaged in … of strategic plans for expanding their firms supply chains.
9.The basic … are planning, organizing, directing and controlling.
10.Organizing involves allocating resources, especially … .
12.21.Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition from the box.
of |
out |
to |
in |
through |
by |
with |
for |
into |
1.The object … market research is primarily to find … what the public wants.
2.Products can be distributed … consumers … different ways.
3.Some … the products are best distributed … a net work of wholesalers and retailers, others … mail-order.
4.Marketing managers should always be … close touch … market conditions.
5.Managers today are increasingly engaged … fact-based analysis … strategic plans … contracting their firms’ supply chains.
6.Organizing is the process … putting the plan … action.
7.Choosing the right person … the right job may also be included as a part … the organizing.
8.Workers are motivated to achieve the company goals that were established … the planning process.
9.Supervision … managers requires ongoing communication … employees.
10.Managers may be motivated … a need to efficiently replenish growing markets … the firm’s products.
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Table 12.4 |
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Complex Object |
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We know him to be a good |
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We know (that) he is a good |
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programmer. |
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programmer. |
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I hope her to come. |
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I hope that she will come. |
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12.22. Point out the complex object in the following sentences and translate them.
1.An engineer wanted the device to be examined in this laboratory.
2.We know electrons to be negatively charged particles.
3.We know the data to be translated into direct distance or range.
4.A scientist said a new device to give a high accuracy.
5.Experts know vacuum tubes to amplify the voltage.
6.We all surprised him to become a good engineer.
7.They considered the idea to be reasonable.
8.We know physical changes to be caused by heat.
9.They assume the information to be correct.
10.He believed the results of this test to have been plotted in the diagram.
11.We cannot expect a complicated problem like that of using solar energy to be solved in a year or so.
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Table 12.5 |
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Complex Subject |
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He is known to be a good |
= |
It is known that he is a good |
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programmer. |
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programmer. |
to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe to see, to hear
to suppose, to report, to prove, to turn out, to appear, to seem, to say
to be (un)likely to be certain to be sure
Julia is sure to come back in time.
He seems to know English.
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12.23. Change the following sentences, as in the model.
Model: – It seems that the result contradicts the idea.
–The result seems to contradict the idea.
1.It is likely that the idea will be disapproved.
2.It is certain that this value is constant.
3.It is well known that this method has some disadvantages.
4.It seems that the problem is more complicated.
5.It is seen that the two curves intercept at that point.
6.It does not seem that these data fit our theory.
7.It is expected that this approach will give a better result.
8.It appears that the interest to this problem is growing.
9.It is considered that this method is unreliable.
10.It is known that these events have much in common.
12.24.Change the following sentences using seem or appear, as in the model.
Model: – There are hundreds of elementary particles.
–There seem to be hundreds of elementary particles.
1.There is some progress in this research.
2.There is some confusion of terms here.
3.There is some discrepancy between the theory and observation.
4.There is no answer to this question at present.
5.There is a certain periodicity in these changes.
6.There is a pressing need for a new theory.
7.There are a few ways of handling this problem.
8.There was no way of explaining this paradox at that time.
9.There was much disagreement between these scientific schools.
10.There were a few projects in action at that time.
12.25.Point out the complex subject in the following sentences, as in the model.
Model: – They are expected to come to an agreement.
1.The problem is shown to be urgent.
2.The instrument seems to have been tested.
3.The result is certain to be valid.
4.Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design.
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