менгардт английский для техн вузов

11.25. Emphasize the verbs in the following statements, as in the model.

Model: – They failed to prove their hypothesis.

–They did fail to prove their hypothesis.

1.We tried to avoid making mistakes.

2.I rely on my own abilities.

3.I share your opinion on this matter.

4.He has reasons for making this statement.

5.The environment has great influence on human ideas.

6.Discoveries push forward research.

7.We pointed to the advantages of this approach.

8.The situation necessitates radical changes.

9.They discussed our participation in the symposium.

10.Confusion in terminology leads to misunderstanding.

Table 11.8

11.26.Point out the function of the word one (ones) in the following sentences.

1.One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary.

2.He knew that no one could help him.

3.He is one of the best students in our group.

4.It allows one to estimate the parameter.

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5.One is never late to start studying English.

6.These boxes are very small. We want to get bigger ones.

7.The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modern industry.

8.The right hand is usually stronger than the left one.

11.27.Change the following sentences into the active voice with one in subject position, as in the model.

Model: – Certain conditions should be observed here.

–One should observe certain conditions here.

1.Ideas must be expressed in a concise form.

2.Such a possibility should be kept in mind.

3.Theories must be supported by argumentation.

4.The existence of other worlds can not be denied.

5.The present difficulties should not be exaggerated.

6.This problem should not be oversimplified.

7.An explanation of this phenomenon should be found.

8.The importance of science should not be underestimated.

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11.28.Use the appropriate substitute (one, ones, that, those) to avoid repeating the same noun.

1.The day on Mars is a little longer than the day on the Earth.

2.These data are the same as the data available in literature.

3.These methods are different from the methods in current use.

4.Most countries use units of the metric system and not the units of the imperial system.

5.There are many technical journals in our library; the most interesting journals are on that shelf.

6.Our data are the same as the data available in literature.

7.You should use a new method, not the old method.

8.This effect is different from the effect resulting from ultraviolet radiation.

11.29.Point out the function of the pronoun it in the following sentences.

1.It was important to solve this problem.

2.It occupied all his thoughts for hours.

3.Learn this rule. It is very simple.

4.It is atomic electricity that will be the electricity of tomorrow.

5.I’ve read this book. Now I can give it to you.

6.It is easy to translate this text.

7.What’s this? It is my new printer.

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11.30. Emphasize the subject with It was … that, as in the model.

Model: – Black’s report attracted most attention.

–It was Black’s report that attracted most attention.

1.This factor underlines the mechanism.

2.This principle is the basis of our approach.

3.This specificity accounts for the changes.

4.These data deserve special attention.

5.These findings are worth special consideration.

6.This situation causes particular anxiety.

7.New demands necessitated changes in the organization of research.

8.This discovery laid the foundations for a new science.

9.These studies provided the basis for further research.

10.This idea provided the basis for our experiments.

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Unit 12. MANAGEMENT

12.1.Work in pairs. Discuss the answers to the following questions.

1.Which professional and personal skills does a role of a manager require?

2.What duties does a manager have?

3.Does a manager take part in determining company objectives?

4.Do you know any management functions? What are they?

5.Do you have to graduate from the university to become a manager? Which faculty?

6.Would you like to be a manager? Why? Why not?

12.2.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to their meanings.

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12.3.Read the text “Management Functions” and check your answers to the questions from exercise 12.1.

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

Management plays a very important role in any business. Management is composed of a team of managers who are responsible for organization of business at all levels. The team roles require leadership abilities that are expressed in the development of superior listening skills, personal responsibility, effective communication as well as the acquisition of coaching techniques. The duties of a manager include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. These management functions are planning, organizing, directing and controlling.

Planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how they can best be achieved. Managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action, then they check to make sure the chosen plan fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels. Managers today are increasingly engaged in fact-based analysis of strategic plans for expanding, redesigning, or contracting their firms’ supply chains. They may be motivated by a need to efficiently replenish growing markets for the firm’s products, to consolidate manufacturing and distribution operations after a major acquisition, or to close down underutilized physical facilities.

Planning is considered to be the first management function because the others depend on it.

Organizing, the second management function, is the process of putting the plan into action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. In this phase managers decide on the positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities. Staffing, choosing the right person for the right job, may also be included as a part of the organizing function.

Day-to-day direction is the third management function. It includes supervising of employees. In directing managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. Effective direction, or supervision, requires ongoing communication with employees.

The last management function, controlling, includes evaluating how well company objectives are being met. In order to complete this evaluation, managers must look at the objectives established in the planning phase and at how well the tasks assigned in the directing are being completed.

If the major problem exists and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’s organizational or managerial structure. In making changes, managers might have to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.

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In order to perform these management functions efficiently managers need interpersonal, organizational, and technical skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

12.4. Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).

1.While planning, managers choose a specific course of action that fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels.

2.The only duty of a manager is to supervise that the business operates efficiently.

3.Organizing involves allocating human resources to attain the company overall objectives.

4.Good managers should guide, teach and motivate employees so that they reach their potential abilities.

5.Planning involves determining overall company objectives and the best ways these goals to be achieved.

6.It is necessary to reorganize managerial structure of the company if the goals are not being achieved.

7.Leadership abilities are expressed in analyzing of strategic plans for expanding the firm’s supply chains.

8.Directing is considered to be the most important management function because the others depend on it.

9.Managers need only leadership abilities to perform management functions efficiently.

12.5.Use the expressions from the box and complete the following sentences.

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3.Planning involves …

a)determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved.

b)putting the plan into action.

c)supervising of employees to motivate them in order to reach their potential abilities.

4.Managers today are increasingly engaged in …

a)finding ongoing communication with employees.

b)fact-based analysis of strategic plans, for expanding, redesigning, or contracting their firms’ supply chains.

c)evaluating how well company objectives are being met.

5.Effective direction or supervision requires …

a)ongoing communication with employees.

b)allocating human resources.

c)determining overall company objectives.

6.In making changes, managers might have …

a)to be responsible that business operates efficiently.

b)to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.

c)to establish the objectives at higher organizational levels.

12.7.Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.