XXVI. Listen and repeat.

Carp, heart, cart, barn, march, clerk.

XXVII. Read these examples of the sound / α:/.

far	card	harm	class	fast	ask
bar	cart	halve	gasp	after	path
heart	star	half	plant	aunt	heart
march	starve	raft	task	bath	France
calm	start	clerk	dance	past	laugh

X XVIII. Listen to the sound / ۸/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

The tongue is in the central part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is raised towards the roof of the mouth. The front of the tongue is raised to the back of the hard palate. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the front lower teeth. The lips are neutral.

XXIX. Listen and repeat.

Cup, hut, cut, bun, much, cluck.

30. Read these examples of the sound /۸ /.

shut	blood	flood	country	son
much	cut	ton	son	mother
luck	young	rough	courage	trouble
come	does	dove	duck	sun
must	cup	hut	couple	such

31. Listen to the sounds /۸/ and / α: / in contrast and repeat.

cup-carp bun-barn

hut-heart much-march

cut-cart cluck-clerk

32. Read the contrasted sounds / α: / and / ۸ /. Transcribe the words.

luck - lark heart - hut

cud - card cart - cut

duck - dark barn - bun

lust - last march - much

bucks - barks

33. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / α: / and / ۸ /.

2. My mother’s brother’s my uncle; my uncle’s son’s my cousin.

3. Your uncle took the umbrella upstairs.

4. My puppy loves to run.

5. You must go to lunch but come back for supper.

6. The ugly duck is under the hut.

7. Put some honey on the bun, Mother.

8. Aunt Martha lives near Marble Arch, which isn’t far.

34. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 11.1). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / α: / and / ۸ /.

11.1

- Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- I rather think it can’t bark, Arnold.

- Can’t bark? But if it can’t bark, it can’t guard the house. Ask it to bark, Margaret.

- Er… er… Can’t you… bark?

- Bark, can’t you! Bark! Bark!

- Arnold can bark.

35. Learn the following graphical rules:

• Vowel / α: / is represented in spelling by:

  1. The digraph “ar” (part)

  2. “a” followed by ”ss, st, sk, sp, ft, t, th, lf, lm” (after, past, ask, grasp, after, father, tomato, half, calm)

  3. “ance”, “anch” in words of French origin (France, glance, ranch)

  4. “and” when stressed (demand)

Rare Spellings: aunt, draught, laugh, clerk, sergeant, heart, hearth, bazaar, drama, aria, tomato, garage, moustache, vase

• Vowel / ۸ / is represented in spelling by:

  1. The letter “u” in stressed closed syllables (uncle)

  2. “o” followed by “m, n, v, th” (come, son, love, mother)

  3. The digraph “ou” followed by “gh, bl(e), pl(e)” (tough, trouble, couple)

To memorise: “ou” + other consonants (country, courage, cousin, touch, young, southern)

Rare Spellings: blood, flood, worry.

36. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

/ α: /

1. He laughs best, who laughs last.

2. After a storm comes a calm.

3. Each dog barks in his own yard.

4. Art is long, life is short.

/ ۸ /

1. So many countries, so many customs.

2. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

3. Love me, love my dog.

4. When two Sundays come together.

5. A storm in a tea cup.

6. A man is known by the company he keeps.

7. As snug as a bug in a rug.

8. As hungry as a hunter.

37. . Learn the following tongue twister:

/ ۸ /

Double bubble gum bubbles double

The vowel sounds / ɒ / and /ɔ:/.

38. Listen to the sound / ɒ /. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

The blade of the tongue is retracted. The back of the tongue is only slightly raised. The lips are rounded. The jaw is lowered. / ɒ /.