Конверсия

Образование новых слов из существующих без изменения написания слов называется конверсией. Наиболее распространенным является образование глаголов от соответствующих существительных.

Например:

water – вода → to water – поливать,

control – контроль → to control – контролировать,

cause – причина → tо саuse – причинять, являться причиной.

Может иметь место и обратный процесс, т.е. образование существительных от глаголов. Например: fallout – радиоактивные осадки (от глагола to fall out – выпадать).

Глаголы могут быть образованы и от прилагательных. Например: empty – пустой → tо empty – опорожнять.

Упражнение 2. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные курсивом слова.

1. He works as a teacher.

2. Оne of Mendeleyev's important works is his book «Principles of Chemistry».

3. Your report was very interesting.

4. He reported the results of the experiment.

5. He devoted his life to the progress of his country.

6. If you do not work hard you'll make no progress.

7. He thought about his future work.

8. The book contained his thoughts about further development of national economy.

9. I have a present for you.

10. In 1859 he presented his thesis.

11. On my return home I called her up at once.

12. My father will return tomorrow.

13. His experiments resulted in a new discovery.

14. The telephone is the invention of the 20^th century.

15. Sam didn't telephone me yesterday.

Vocabulary Notes

Задание. Переведите следующие предложения.

1. to shout = to cry – кричать

Our director never shouts at anybody even when he is nervous.

2. criеr – глашатай

Many centuries ago criers informed people about the events.

3. old-fashioned – старомодный

This dress is old-fashioned.

4. in order to – чтобы, для того чтобы

I went to the post-office in order to send a telegram.

5. kind – вид

There are many kinds of technical schools in our town.

6. to print – печатать

People learned to print many years ago.

7. by hand – вручную

At present few works are done by hand at our plants.

8. drawing – рисунок

Many ancient drawings were found by our archeologists.

9. to have at smb’s disposal – иметь в … распоряжении

We have many text-books at our disposal.

10. surface – поверхность

The surface of type was covered with ink.

11. to bear (bore, borne) – нести, носить

The type invented by John Fell bore his name.

12. to carve – рeзать, вырезать (по дереву или кости)

His hobby is carving.

13. block – деревянная печатная форма

The first blocks were carved by hand.

14. type – шрифт

Movable metallic type was invented by Gutenberg.

15. to compose – набирать

Type may be composed by hand or mechanically.

16. plate – пластина, форма

Stereotyped plates were very convenient for printing.

17. to coat – покрывать

Plates may be coated by nickel or chromium.

18. resin – смола

Resin is a sticky substance that flows out from plants and trees.

19. wax – воск

Wax is a soft yellow substance made by bees.

20. invention – изобретение

The invention of printing dates back to the 9^th century.

21. to play a part – играть роль

His experiments play an important part in our work.

22. art – искусство

The art of printing is being constantly developed.

23. papermaking – изготовление бумаги

Papermaking is a very complex art.

24. to try – пытаться, стараться

He tried to prove his being right.

25. to try out – делать опыты, пробовать

He tried out many ways of creating a new material.

26. to spread (spread, spread) – распространять(ся)

The news spread about the town with great speed.

27. cheap – дешевый

Cheap kinds of paper are produced at this enterprise.

28. quality – качество

The quality of goods was very high.

29. to appear – появляться

Printing appeared in Russia in the 16^th century.

30. appearance – внешний вид

The appearance of books has changed very little since the 18^th century.

31. assistant – помощник

The professor and his assistant wanted to complete their experiments by May.

32. letter – буква

The line is composed of letters on some machines.

33. change – изменение

Great changes are performed in many branches of industry.

34. to change – меняться

He has changed very much in his manner but his appearance has remained the same.