- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions:
- •III. What definition of a bridge is correct?
- •IV. Make the collocations with the word bridge using the words in ovals and put them into the sentences below. With the rest not used make your own sentences:
- •V. Make the following sentences shorter replacing a set of words with one:
- •VI. Choose the following role and make a small report covering the problem mentioned:
- •I. What can it be?
- •II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •VI. Can you decipher the message?
- •VII. Make the word combinations using the derivatives from the words in brackets:
- •VIII. Find the synonyms to the words in italics:
- •IX. Find key-words in the text to give general information about the history of bridge construction. How many of them do you need?
- •X. Make a short summary of the text.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Define the type of the bridge:
- •IV. Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •V. Fill in the correct prepositions:
- •VI. Read the text and say what following words are key ones in each part consequently:
- •VII. Using the key words describe three ancient types of bridges.
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •IV. Read the following text to find information on:
- •V . Now you are ready to describe bridges of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •III. Choose the correct preposition:
- •1. The history of bridge construction
- •2. The history of bridge construction in Belarus
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •III. Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •IV. Match the words with their synonyms:
- •V. Fill in the correct prepositions:
- •VI. Read the sentences and translate the words in brackets:
- •VII. Make the precis of the text
- •Introduction
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Choose the contextual meaning of the word:
- •V. Fill in the correct prepositions:
- •VII. Make the precis of the text
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •IV. Match the word with its translation. Find the corresponding pairs of words:
- •V. Read the passage and answer the question:
- •VI. Fill in the missing words from the list:
- •VII. Make the precis of the text
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions:
- •III. Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •IV. Translate:
- •V Insert the words from the list:
- •VI. Make the precis of the text
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions:
- •III. Insert the words from the list:
- •IV. Fill the correct preposition:
- •V. Fill in the gaps with a suitable derivations of the word given on the right:
- •VI. Read the passage and answer the question: How has the classical drawbridge been improved?
- •VII. Make the precis of the text
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Complete the sentences with the best answer:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Match these terms with their definitions
- •V. Translate the missing words
- •VI. Insert the words
- •IV. Match the word with the corresponding number:
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions
- •VII. Make the precis of the text
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions:
- •V. Fill in the prepositions:
- •VI. Make the precis of the text
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions
- •III. Complete the sentence with the best answer (a, b or c) according to the information in the text
- •IV. Put the words in the right order
- •V. Fill in the correct prepositions
- •VI. Translate the passage and answer the question: What was done to facilitate the setting of a foundation.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions:
- •III. Insert the words from the list
- •IV. Translate the words in brackets.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Match the meanings of these terms with their definition:
- •V. Say in other words (use synonyms or terms instead of words and word-combinations in italics):
- •VI. Write down the key-words from the text.
- •VII. Get ready to speak on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Put the words in the right order to make a statement:
- •VI. Read the text below and decide which answer a, b, c, or d best fits each space. Circle your answer.
- •1. Work with a partner to discuss the following questions and choose answers.
- •2. Now read the text about Tower Bridge to see whether you are right.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the correct prepositions:
- •IV. Say in other words:
- •V. Reconstruct the following texts and title them:
- •VI. Have you ever seen the bridges described in the photos?
- •VII. How are the following names and things connected to Tower Bridge? Say some words about each of them.
- •VI. Make the plan of the text Tower Bridge.
- •VII. Write down the key-words to expand the plan.
- •VII. Make an abstract of the same text.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the sentences:
- •V. Fill in the correct prepositions:
- •VI. Say in other words (if very complicated, use the words after the text):
- •VII. Complete the text with suitable letters or words:
- •1. Famous bridges.
- •2. Famous bridges in Belarus.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions.
- •VII. Make the precis of the text.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions
- •IV. Match the words with their opposites
- •V. Fill in the prepositions.
- •VI. Insert the words from the list
- •VII. Make the precis of the text
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions.
- •1. The history of tunneling.
- •2. The history of tunneling in Belarus.
- •1. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •III. Insert the words from the list
- •IV. Fill in the prepositions:
- •V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivates of the words given on the right.
- •VII. Make the precis of the text
- •1. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions:
- •III. Insert the words from the list
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the questions
- •III. Fill in the prepositions.
- •IV. Fill in the words.
- •V. Give the missing forms of the words below.
- •Verb Noun Adjective
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •I. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •II. Match the words with their opposites.
- •III. Fill in the words: feet, shallow, circular, mining, steel, conditions, waterproofed, cost, dangerous, downward.
- •1. Basic procedures in tunneling operations.
- •2. The construction of tunnels.
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Complete the following table:
- •V. Using the words from the table above complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Make up the sentences from the words below:
- •VI. Complete the text with the words below:
- •II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Arrange the following statements in right order:
- •V. Choose the right variant:
- •VI. Convert the following units of length into the units accepted in Belarus:
- •VII. Complete the following table and analyze it
- •IX. Complete the text using the words below:
- •X. Make a précis of the text Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Big Dig)
- •I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
- •II. Using the information given in the text complete the following table:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Say in other words:
- •VI. Guess the words in the text:
- •VII. Read the text above once again and choose the sentence summarizing it:
- •I. Arrange the parts of the text according to the following plan:
- •II. Read the next part of the text and choose the title below the text summarizing it:
- •III. Make the precis of the text Seikan Tunnel
- •1. Famous tunnels in the world
- •2. Famous tunnels in Belarus.
1. The history of tunneling.
2. The history of tunneling in Belarus.
Unit 6: KINDS OF TUNNELS
Lead in
What are tunnels used for?
Find the following terms and memorize their meaning.
to bore steep grades to haul exhaust fumes fan jam to line |
to withstand blasting open cut cut and cover shield interference savings |
Text 1. KINDS OF TUNNELS
Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for conducting water and sewage. Underground chambers, often associated with a complex of connecting tunnels and shafts, increasingly are being used for such things as underground hydroelectric-power plants, ore-processing plants, pumping stations, vehicle parking, storage of oil and water, water-treatment plants, warehouses, and light manufacturing; also command centres and other special military needs.
There are four main types of tunnels. They are: (1) rail road tunnels, (2) motor-traffic tunnels, (3) water tunnels and (4) mine tunnels.
Railroad tunnels. Among the world's greatest engineering feats was the boring of long railroad tunnels through the rocks of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains. Railroad tunnels reduce traveling time and increase the efficiency of trains. The steeper a locomotive must climb, the less weight it can pull. Tunnels through mountains reduce steep grades, allowing trains to haul more goods and people.
Motor-traffic tunnels. These tunnels provide routes for automobiles, trucks, and other motor vehicles. Such tunnels have special equipment to remove exhaust fumes. For example, the Holland Tunnel, which is situated under the Hudson River and which links New York City and New Jersey, uses electric fans for ventilation. These fans are capable of completely changing the air in the tunnel every 90 seconds. Many motor-traffic tunnels also have signal lights and special monitoring systems to help prevent traffic jams.
Water tunnels. Many tunnels provide water to city waterworks, to hydroelectric power plants, or to farms for irrigation. Others carry storm drainage or sewage. Most water tunnels measure 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 meters) or more in diameter, and they have smooth linings that help the water flow. Many tunnels carrying water to hydroelectric power plants are lined with steel to withstand extremely high water pressures.
Mine tunnels. These are made by blasting or by tunneling machines. Mine shafts are not usually lined, but they may have supports.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
1. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
1. Tunnels are mainly used for transportation including road vehicles, trains, subways and canals.
2. Underground chambers serve different purposes.
3. There are 5 main types of tunnels.
4. The boring of long railroad tunnels through the rocks of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains was an outstanding feat.
5. Though railroad tunnels increase the efficiency of trains they don’t reduce travelling time.
6. The steeper a locomotive must climb, the heavier weight it can pull.
7. It is necessary for motor-traffic tunnels to be equipped with special equipment to remove exhaust fumes.
8. Electric fans for ventilation in the Holland Tunnel can completely change the air in the tunnel every hour.
9. Water tunnels provide water to city waterworks.
10. Mine tunnels are made by tunneling machines.