Text 6. Kinds of Diesel engines

There are two main types of diesel engines. They …according to the number of piston strokes required to complete … of air compression, power, exhaust, and … of fresh air. A … is an up or down movement of a piston. These engines are the four-stroke cycle engine and the two-stroke cycle engine.

In a four-stroke cycle engine, each … moves down, up, down and up to complete a cycle. The first downstroke … air into the cylinder. The first upstroke … the air. The second downstroke is the power stroke. The second upstroke … the gases produced by combustion. A four-stroke engine requires exhaust and air-intake valves.

In a two-stroke cycle engine, the intake and exhaust processes … near the end of the piston … or power stroke. The two-stroke cycle engine does not need … . As the piston rises during the …, it compresses the air and closes the intake and exhaust … .The fuel is … near the end of this compression stroke. Because the two-stroke cycle engine has twice as many power strokes as the four-stroke cycle engine, it … more power.

Exercise 29. Translate text 6 in the written form and make a summary of it in English.

Exercise 30. Translate the following text in writing, then try to make a back translation into English and compare it with the original.

History. The diesel is named for Rudolf Diesel, the German engineer who invented it. Diesel patented his design for the engine in 1892 and built his first engine in 1893. The engine exploded and almost killed him, but it proved that fuel could be ignited without a spark. He operated his first successful engine in 1897. Later, Sir Dugald Clerk of Great Britain developed the two-stroke diesel.

Exercise 31. Speak on:

1. Internal Combustion Engine.

2. Gasoline Engines.

3. Diesel Engines.

4. Gasoline and Diesel Fuels.

Exercise 32. Find Gerunds in the following sentences and translate them

1. Antioxidants keep the gasoline from becoming gummy.

2. Anti-icer prevents ice from clogging gas lines in winter.

3. Antirust agents prevent tanks and fuel lines from rusting.

4. Metal deactivators keep small amounts of metal impurities from changing the properties of gasoline.

5. In the early 1970’s U.S. petroleum refiners had difficulty in meeting gasoline demand.

6. Reducing chemicals containing sulfur lowers the octane number of gasoline.

7. High levels of oxygenates also help reduce the amount of carbon monoxide produced by burning gasoline, especially in older cars.

8. Most gasoline is made by separating and chemically changing the different compounds in petroleum.

9. Promising sources of gasoline for the future involves processing the oil contained in shale rock.

10. To operate smoothly a high-compression engine needs a gasoline more resistant to knocking than does a low-compression engine.

11. A gasoline’s ability to resist knocking is called its anti-knock quality.

12. The piston has two to six rings to prevent the gases from escaping past the piston and to keep lubricating oil from getting into combustion chamber.

Exercise 33. Complete the sentences, using different forms of Gerund.

1. They insisted on (clean) the tanks without delay.

2. They insisted on the tanks (clean) without delay.

3. Do you realize the importance of (follow) the manufacturer’s instructions?

4. He insisted on (inform) passengers about the delay of flight as soon as possible.

5. Passengers insisted on (inform) about the time of departure.

6. Flight assistants always give information about the time of (land).

7. The mechanic mentioned (notice) the leakage before landing.

8. She is very fond of (look) through the window during flight.

9. The storm prevented the ship from (reach) the airport on time.

10. They were very disappointed at not (inform) beforehand.

11. There was no chance of (find) the plane in the mountains.

12. They were very proud of (find) a correct decision in such a dangerous situation.

Exercise 34. Finish the following sentences using Gerund.

1. I am afraid of …

2. We insist on…

3. They are looking forward to …

4. She was accused of …

5. My friends are fond of ..

6. Never object to ..

7. Try to get used to …

8. All people should always prevent from …

9. We should be grateful for …

10. Be proud of …