Text 4.

In addition to any other instructions given in the airplane manufacturer’ manual, the following should be observed in the use of hydraulic fluids.

1. Mark each airplane hydraulic system to show the type of fluid to be used in the system.

2. Never under any circumstances service an airplane system with a type of fluid different from that shown on the instruction plate.

3. Make certain that hydraulic fluids and fluid containers are protected from contamination of any kind. Dirt particles quickly cause many hydraulic units to become inoperative and may cause severe damage. If there is any question regarding the cleanliness of the fluid, it should be filtered through a filter paper into a dustfree container. Containers for hydraulic fluid should never be left open to the air for longer than necessary.

4. Never allow hydraulic fluids of different types to be mixed. Mixed fluid will make a hydraulic system useless.

5. Do not expose fluids to high heat or open flames. Vegetable- and mineral-base fluids are highly flammable. Phosphate ester fluids are considered fire-resistant and will not support combustion in the absence of extremely high heat.

6. Avoid contact with the fluids. If skin contact occurs, wash the fluid off with soap and water.

7. Wear protective gloves and a face shield whenever handling phosphate ester fluids and whenever working around any hydraulic lines that are under pressure.

Exercise 36. Answer the questions on text 4.

1. Why is it obligatory to mark each airplane hydraulic system?

2. What may happen, if an airplane system is serviced with a type of fluid different from that recommended?

3. What may contamination of hydraulic fluids cause?

4. In what case should hydraulic fluid be filtered through a filter paper?

5. What may happen if containers for hydraulic fluid are left open to the air for longer than necessary?

6. Can hydraulic fluids of different types be used if they are mixed? Why?

7. Why shouldn’t vegetable-and-mineral-base fluids be exposed to high heat or open flames?

8. What may happen in case of skin contact with hydraulic fluids?

9. What should be done if skin contact with hydraulic fluids occurs?

10. Why is it dangerous to work around any hydraulic lines that are under pressure if you don’t wear protective gloves and a face shield?

Exercise 37. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them.

Model: Teach – teacher, speak – speaker

Learn, play, count, deal, provide, sing, dance, direct, govern, organize, compose, protect, consume, point, contain, use, observe, sell, sail, absorb.

Exercise 38. Form new verbs with the prefix re- and translate them.

Model: Write – писати, rewrite – переписувати Read – читати; reread – перечитувати

Construct, design, build, ask, tell, organize, structure, sell, form, make.

Exercise 39. Form adjectives from the following adding the suffixes -able / -ible and translate them. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

Model: Move – рухати, movable – рухомий

Attain, inflate, exploit, read, operate, discuss, inflame, repair, separate, count, compress, obtain, control, comprehend, understand, move, convert, change, accept, produce, apply.

Exercise 40. Form adjectives adding the suffix “less” and translate them.

Model: Home – дім, homeless – бездомний, безпритульний

Care, hope, end, child, brain, price, breath, shape, tact, shame, colour, reck, hair, aim, pity.

Exercise 41. Find Present Perfect Tense forms in the following sentences and translate them.

1. New risk potentials have arisen at airport over the past few years through the use of high-tech systems and new technologies.

2. Many other countries, including Japan and much of Europe, have made similar changes in the composition of gasoline.

3. In months of detailed work everything has been carefully prepared: the smallest detail must be correct.

4. The federal Clean Air Act of 1970 and amendments to the act in 1990 have led many changes in the design of automobiles and the composition of gasoline.

5. Many efforts have been made to control air pollution resulting from the exhaust fumes from gasoline engines.

6. Security exists when all conceivable risks have been identified and reduced to a minimum.

7. Periodic Security and Fire Protection Reports are important after all measures have been implemented gradually

Exercise 42. Complete the answers the questions using the verbs in Present Perfect Tense.

Model: Don’t forget to call Pete. I have just called him.

1. Help Mark to translate the text.

- I … already … him. We … just … it.

2. Remember to sent the letter on your way to work.

- I … already … it. I did it yesterday.

3. Will you pay the waiter or shall I do it?

- I … just … him.

4. Why don’t you read the paper?

- I … just … it.

5. When are you going to see this film?

- We … already … it. We saw it last Saturday.

6. When are you taking your exam?

I … already … it and got a good grade.

Exercise 43. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form present perfect or past simple.

1. Her brother (buy) a new TV set last month.

2. Your car looks very clean. … you (wash) it?

3. Ann’s hair looks much darker. – Yes, she (dye) her hair yesterday.

4. How many times you (be ill) last year? – 3 times, but I (not be ill) this year yet.

5. When you (move to) a new apartment? We (not move) yet.

6. My son (finish) school last year. And this year he (enter) the university.

Exercise 44. Put for or since into each gap and translate the phrases.

1. ____ 5 days.

2. ____ half an hour

3. ____ March

4. ____ 8.30

5. ____ we were at university

6. ____ a long time

7. ____ 1 September

8. ____ ages

9. ____ the beginning of the year

10. ____ a couple of weeks

Exercise 45. Paraphrase the following sentences using the present perfect tense with ‘for’ or ‘since’.

Model: I last went to the cinema 2 month ago. I haven’t been to the cinema for two months.

1. I last shaved the day before yesterday.

2. I last went home 3 month ago.

3. I last ate meat on the Christmas day.

4. It’s two weeks since Mike washed his car.

5. I sold my car last year.

6. We cleaned windows in autumn.

7. I last swam in the sea when I had my vacation 2 years ago.

Exercise 46. Use the verbs given in brackets in the correct tense form: the Simple Past or the Present Perfect.

1. I (be born) in Lviv 20 years ago.

2. I (finish) college and (enter) the National Aviation University this year.

3. You (see) this new American film yet?

4. It (be) a very good film. It (make) a deep impression on me.

5. Where is Pete? I (not see) him today.

6. I (lose) my key. You (see) it anywhere? – No, I’m afraid I … . When you last (see) it?

7. You ever (try) to give up smoking? – Yes, I (try) two month ago, but then I (find) that it was very difficult for me, so I (start) again.

8. I (cut) my finger rather badly. Have you got a bandage? – I’ll get6 you one. How it (happen)?

9. He (lose) his job last month and since then he (be) out of work.

10. She said that she would phone me this morning, but it is now 12:30 and she (not phone) yet.

Exercise 47. Work in pairs to decide which is the correct verb form.

1. Have you ever seen / did you ever see a rock concert?

2. I saw / I have seen “WW” last year.

3. I love rock music. I like / have liked it all my life.

4. The “J&B” concert has been / was excellent.

5. I have bought / bought all their records after the concert.

6. How long have you known / do you know my brother?

7. I know him / have known him since we were at kinder garden together.

8. When did he graduate / has he graduated from the university?

9. We have been / are at the university for 5 years but we haven’t graduated / didn’t graduate from it yet.

Exercise 48. Correct the grammar mistakes in this piece of writing (there are 8 mistakes).

I have been born in Ukraine 25 years ago and I have lived here all my life. I am married for three years. My wife and I are students. We are students of the Polytechnical University for four years since we were 21. In our spare time we are learning English. We have taken a three-year course and now we are in our second year. We also love reading. Last year I have read several novels in Ukrainian and two detective stories in English. Now I am reading a very interesting novel by Steven King. I read half of it. My wife and I never were abroad but we are lager to go to an English speaking country and hope that our dream will come true.