2.1 Physical properties

Oil consists of a closely related series of complex hydrocarbon compounds that range from gasoline to heavy solids. The various mixtures that constitute crude oil can be separated by distillation under increasing temperatures into such components as (from light to heavy) gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oil, residual fuel oil, bitumen, and paraffin.

Crude oils vary greatly in their chemical composition. Because they consist of mixtures of thousands of hydrocarbon compounds, their physical properties such as colour, specific gravity, and viscosity also vary widely.

2.2 Specific gravity

Crude oil is immiscible with and lighter than water; hence it floats. Crude oils are generally classified as tar sands, heavy oils, and medium and light oils on the basis of specific gravity (i.e., the ratio of the weight of equal volumes of the oil and pure water at standard conditions, with pure water considered to equal 1) and relative mobility. Tar sands contain immobile oil, which does not flow into a well bore (see below). Heavy crude oils have enough mobility that, given time, they can be obtained through a well bore in response to enhanced recovery methods. The more mobile medium and light oils are recoverable through production wells.

The widely used American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity scale is based on pure water, with an arbitrarily assigned API gravity of 10°. Liquids lighter than water, such as oil, have API gravities numerically greater than 10. Crude oils below 20° API gravity are usually considered heavy, whereas the conventional crudes with API gravities between 20° and 25° are regarded as medium, with light oils ranging above 25°.

 

2.3 Boiling and freezing points

Because oil is always at a temperature above the boiling point of some of its compounds, the more volatile constituents constantly escape into the atmosphere unless confined. It is impossible to refer to a common boiling point for crude oil because of the widely differing boiling points of its numerous compounds, some of which may boil at temperatures too high to be measured.

By the same token, it is impossible to refer to a common freezing point for a crude oil because the individual compounds solidify at different temperatures. However, the pour point—the temperature below which crude oil becomes plastic and will not flow—is important to recovery and transport and is always determined. Pour points range from 32° C to below -57° C.

2.4 Measurement systems

In the United States, crude oil is measured in barrels of 42 gallons each; the weight per barrel of API 30° light oil would be about 306 pounds. In many other countries, crude oil is measured in metric tons. For oil having the same gravity, a metric ton is equal to approximately 252 imperial gallons or about 7.2 U.S. barrels.

 

1. Give the synonyms:

Essential, during normal operating conditions, each, substance, main, material, to enter, under normal conditions, every, to come in, lubricant, oil, to pass through, to rush through, previously mentioned, about, approximately, mentioned above.