16. Differentiation with respect to time axis

1. Archaisms and historisms

2. Neologisms

3. Semantic groups of neologisms

4. Ways of forming neologisms

Archaisms: steed, slay, behold, perchance, woe. Beautious, bepaint, darksome, oft.

Historisms: brougham, berlin, fly, gig; prairie schooner; caravel, galleon; breastplate, crossbow, arrow, visor.

Neologisms. R. Berchfield (NED).

Neologisms can develop in three main ways: 1) umbrella; 2) slum, ghetto, inner town; 3) new terminology.

Neologisms can develop in three main ways: 1) umbrella; 2) slum, ghetto, inner town; 3) new terminology.

Semantic groups of neologisms: a) PC, super-computer, multi-user, neurocomputer; b) hardware, software, monitor; c) BASIC, Algol FORTRAN; d) computerman, computerization, computerize, to blitz out (to ruin data in a computer’s memory). To telework, to telecommute, telebanking, telemarketing, teleshopping, videobank.

Linguistics: machine translation, interlingua.

Biometrics: finger-print scanner, biometric eye-scanner, voice verification.

Medicine: telemonitory unit.

Social activities: youthquake, pussy-footer, Euromarket, Eurodollar, Europarliament.

Social stratification of society: belonger, yuppie, muppie. Survivers, sustainers, emulaters; achievers; VAL /Value and Lifestyles/; jet set – jet plane travellers. Margaret Thatcher’s rule: PLU, «one of us».

Immigrants: partial – non-partial.

Criminalization: neighbourhood watch, «home watch».

Teen-agers: Drugs!, sweat, task.

Professional jargons: artspeak, sportspeak, medspeak, education-speak.

Everyday life: a) clingfilm, hamburgers /beef-, cheese-, fish-, veg-/; b) catsuit, hipster, bloomers; c) thongs; d) bumbag, sling bag, maitre.

Ways of forming neologisms.

Phonological neologisms: rah-rah, yeck/yuck; perestroika, dolce vita.

Morphological neologisms: free-fall, call-and-recall, bioastronomy, Ameringlish, tycoonography. Abbreviations: dinky, HIV, SINK, nimby. Snowmobile /automobile/, danceaholic /alcoholic/, cheeseburger /hamburger/. Affixation: decompress, educationalist. Phraseological neologisms: to buy into, fudge and dudge; electronic virus, whiz kid.

17. The Opposition of stylistically marked and stylistically neutral words

1. Official vocabulary

2. Poetic diction

3. Colloquial words

4. Slang, jargon, argot

Style. Steed – horse, eve – evening, maiden – girl, morn – morning, slay – kill.

Official vocabulary. Learned words: approximate, commence, exclude, heterogeneous, homogeneous. Archaic connectives: hereby, thereby, whereby. Double conjunctions: such as, inasmuch as, in consequence.

As follows, in terms of.

Poetic diction. Array – clothes; brow – forehead, main – sea, steed – horse, woe – sorrow; behold – see, deem – think, slay – kill; fair – beautiful, murky – grim; oft – often; thee, ye; ere – before. Fair, flood; morn – morning, oft – often.

Colloquial words and set expressions. Literary colloquial. Familiar colloquial. Low colloquial.

Intensifiers: absolutely, awful, dead, divine, fabulous, grand, gorgeous, lovely, pretty, superb, terrific; terribly nice, madly glamorous.

Affirmative and negative answers: definitely, up to a point, in a way, exactly, by all means, I except so, I should think so; I’m afraid, not, not at all, by no means.

Slang, jargon, argot.

Slang words. Money: beans, brass, dibs, dough, chink, wads; head: attic, brain-pan, hat peg, nut, upper store; drunk: boozy, cock-eyed, high.

E. Partridge

Odd, pinch, trip; graft, hitch-hiker. Teenager.

General slang and special slang (jargon). Cradle-snatcher (sl) – rap, shiv, book. To be on the beam; to be off the beam.

American slang: corny, cute, swell; British slang: cheerio, Gerry.