- •The Present Perfect Tense.
- •Participle II.
- •The usage of definite article. The absence of the article.
- •The Present Continuous Tense.
- •The adjective. Degrees of comparison.
- •The article.
- •Singular number Plural number
- •The Present indefinite tense in the active voice.
- •The Future Indefinite tense in active voice.
- •The Past indefinite tense in the active voice.
- •The Participle I.
- •The equivalents of the modal verbs.
The usage of definite article. The absence of the article.
The usage of definite article:
It's used when the noun denotes a thing unique. For example: The Moon, the Sun.
It's used before the names of trains, ships. For example: The Titanic
It's used before the names of newspapers ' For example: The Times.
It's used when the subject is mentioned twice in the conversation. For example: When I entered the room I saw a man standing at the window. The man was very old.
It's used before the noun in the singular number which belongs to the whole class of subjects.
It's used with nouns in word-groups, the first component of which is "some, many, none"; and the second is a noun with the preposition of.
The absence of the article:
1) The article is absent before the pronouns. For example: My room is here.
2)The article is absent before the nouns which have got another definition. For example: This room is large.
The article is never used after the verb;such as: to elect, to appoint, to make. For example: He has been appointed captain of the vessel "Minsk".
The article is absent before the calculative noun in the plural number when we speak about the subject belonging to the definite class. For example: They packed the goods in bags, not in boxes.
The article is absent before the uncalculative nouns which mean the abstract notion in the general sense. For example: Knowledge is power.
The article is absent before the nouns in the plural number staying after the word "what" in the exclamative sentences. For example: What fine building!
The Present Continuous Tense.
The ways of formation:
The affirmative form: It's formed by means of the auxiliary verb "to be" and the Participle I(-ing) of the notional verb. For example: She is controlling your behaviour.
The interrogative form: Kinds of questions
The general question: It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb "to be" which is placed before the subject. For example: Is he writing a scientific report?
The special question: Who is having a chat? Why are you crying?
The alternative question: Are they learning English or French?
The disjunctive question: They are watching TV, aren't they?
The negative form: The negative particle "not" is placed after the auxiliary verb "to be". For example: They are not going shopping.
The ways of usage:
It's used to denote an action going on at the Present moment. The "Present moment" is not limited to the actual moment of speaking. It's used when in Russian we say "сейчас, теперь" which refers not only to the moment of speaking but it has a wider meaning. For example: My dear, you are talking nonsense!
The Present Continuous tense is used to denote a future action with such verbs as: to go, to come, to leave. For example: I'm leaving tonight.
It's used to express a continual process. In this case the adverbs such as: always, ever, constantly are used. For example: The Earth is always moving.
The verbs which are not used in the continuous form: a) verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear; b) The verbs denoting mental activity: to know, to think, to believe; c) verbs denoting wish: to want, to wish; d) verbs denoting feeling: to love, to hate, to like; e) verbs denoting abstract relations: to have, to consistбещ depend, to belong.