Unit 2 from the history of automation

Vocabulary

1. human – человечный, гуманный

human being (=human) – человек

2. to govern – управлять; регулировать

self-governing – саморегулирующийся

3. to coin – создавать новые слова (выражения)

4. production line – поточная линия

5. to attribute – приписывать, относить

6. to substitute – заменять, замещать

substitute (=substitution) – замена, замещение

7. to define – определять, давать определение

definition – определение

8. to concern – касаться, иметь отношение

to be concerned with – быть связанным с …, иметь отношение к …

9. to mean – значить, означать

means – средство; способ

by means of –посредством

10. feedback – обратная связь

feedback control – управление с обратной связью; автоматическое регулирование с обратной связью

11. to ensure – обеспечивать; гарантировать

12. to execute – выполнять; исполнять

execution – выполнение; исполнение

13. to instruct – обучать; инструктировать; информировать

instruction – обучение; инструкция; команда; программа

14. to intervene – вмешиваться

intervention – вмешательство; посредничество

15. to relate – относиться; быть связанным с …

computer-related – связанный с применением компьютера

16. sophisticated – сложный, усложнённый; утончённый

17. to advance – продвигать(ся); развиваться

advanced – продвинутый; передовой

18. to perform – выполнять; совершать

performance – выполнение; работа; эффективность; производительность

19. to surpass – превосходить, превышать

20. to accomplish – выполнять; завершать

21. to mature – созревать

22. to recognize – узнавать; признавать

recognition – узнавание; признание; одобрение

23. robot – робот; автоматический манипулятор

robotics – робототехника

24. arm – механическая рука; рычаг; рукоятка

25. sequence – последовательность; чередование; цикл

26. to load – загружать; закладывать

to unload – выгружать; разгружать

27. part – деталь; часть; элемент

28. to weld – сваривать

weld – сварной шов

to spot weld – осуществлять точечную сварку

weld spot – сварная точка

29. sheet – лист; (тонко)листовой материал

sheet metal – тонколистовой металл

30. body – корпyc

Vocabulary exercises

2. Read and translate the words of the same stem:

1. to produce – product – production

2. origin – original – originally

3. to manufacture – manufacture – manufacturing

4. to signify – significant – significantly

5. to act – active – activity

6. to characterize – character – characteristic

7. to assemble – assembly – assembler

8. industry – industrial – industrialization

9. engine – engineering – engineer

10. to specialize – special – speciality – specialization

II. Read and translate the words and their derivatives:

1. possible – impossible, 2. place – replacement, 3. to govern – self-governing, 4. to affect – unaffected, 5. to pass – to surpass, 6. human – humanlike, 7. loading – unloading, 8. ability – capability, 9. automatic – automobile, 10. robot – robotics, 11. text – context, 12. computer – computerized.

III. Read the phrases and give their Russian equivalents:

1. self-governing system, 2. engineering manager, 3. computerized action, 4. human effort, 5. programmed command, 6. computer-related technologies, 7. to accomplish the activities, 8. powered mechanical arm, 9. humanlike characteristics, 10. industrial robot.

IV. Match the synonyms and translate them:

A. 1. operation, 2. application, 3. human being, 4. labour, 5. area, 6. manager, 7. effort, 8. replacement, 9. execution, 10. status, 11. capability, 12. modern.

B. a. director, b. usage, c. performance, d. work, e. up-to-date, f. action, g. ability, h. field, i. man, j. force, k. position, l. substitution.

V. Read and translate the word-combinations:

1. production line, 2. feedback control, 3. human intervention, 4.production machine, 5. spot welding, 6. sheet metal, 7. automobile body, 8. factory operation.

Text 2A

I. Read and translate the text:

Automation Technology

Automation is the application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings or, increasingly, to tasks that would otherwise be impossible. Although the term “mechanization” is often used to refer to the simple replacement of human labour by machine, automation generally implies the integration of machines into a self-governing system. Automation has revolutionized those areas in which it has been introduced, and there is scarcely an aspect of modern life that has been unaffected by it.

The term “automation” was coined in the automobile industry about 1946 to describe the increased use of automatic devices and controls in mechanized production lines. The origin of the word is attributed to D.S. Harder, an engineering manager at the Ford Motor Company at the time. The term is used widely in a manufacturing context, but it is also applied outside manufacturing in connection with a variety of systems in which there is a significant substitution of mechanical, electrical, or computerized action for human effort and intelligence.

In general usage, automation can be defined as a technology concerned with performing a process by means of programmed commands combined with automatic feedback control to ensure proper execution of the instructions . The resulting system is capable of operating without human intervention. The development of this technology has become increasingly dependent on the use of computers and computer-related technologies. Consequently, automated systems have become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Advanced systems represent a level of capability and performance that surpass in many ways the abilities of humans to accomplish the same activities.

Automation technology has matured to a point where a number of other technologies have developed from it and have achieved a recognition and status of their own. Robotics is one of these technologies; it is a specialized branch of automation in which the automated machine possesses certain anthropomorphic, or humanlike, characteristics. The most typical humanlike characteristic of a modern industrial robot is its powered mechanical arm. The robot's arm can be programmed to move through a sequence of motions to perform useful tasks, such as loading and unloading parts at a production machine or making a sequence of spot-welds on the sheet-metal parts of an automobile body during assembly. As these examples suggest, industrial robots are typically used to replace human workers in factory operations.