21Peter Murtagh, “Rushdie in hiding after Ayatollah's death threat”, The Guardian, Saturday February 18 1989

22 Anthony Mc Roy, From Rushdie to 7/7 : The Radicalisation of Islam in Britain, London, the Social Affairs Unit, 2006, p. 233

23 Kenan Malik, ‘The real value of diversity’ (2002) http://www.kenanmalik.com/essays/diversity.html

24 John Rex, ‘Milticulturalist and political integration in Europe’, in Marco Martinello, Multiculturlalist Policies and the state: a comparison of two European Societies, ERCOMER: Utrech, 1998, pp 21-22.

25 Floya Anthias & Niral Yuval-Davies, Racialised Boundaries: race, nation, gender, colour and class and the anti-racist struggle. London: Routledge, 1992, p. 182, quoted in Fomina, 418.

26 Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Beyond Multiculturalism, London : The Foreign Policy Centre, 2001.

27 Brian Barry, Culture & Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism, Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 269, cité dans Fomina, p. 417.

28 Barry, p. 295.

29 Later the government admitted its past naivety in thinking that the very fact of watching closely the Finsbury fundamentalists (as well as those attending a few other notorious mosques) would be enough to keep things under control. The shortcoming of that policy was that it rested on the assumption that Islamic fundamentalism was confined to a handful of places of worship, where potentially dangerous religious extremists were known to the police. The attacks of 7/7 came as a shock because they showed that most kamikazes were British, born and bred, and that none of them had been identified as dangerous by the police forces.

30 Vincent Latour & Catherine Puzzo, « L’impact du 11 septembre au Royaume Uni: Déclencheur du durcissement des politiques d’immigration et d’intégration ou simple prétexte? » in Revue Babel N°21 - Le Royaume Uni dans la monde depuis 2001, sous la direction de Karine Tournier-Sol, Toulon : Presses Universitaires de Toulon-Var, 2010.

31 Preventing violent extremism: Winning Hearts and Minds, London: Department for Communities and Local Government, April 2007, p.9 http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/320752.pdf

32 The notion of ‘resilience’ to extremism is also to be found in cohesion policies put in place in Canada and Australia.

33 Wirral City Council, “Community Cohesion”

http://www.wirral.gov.uk/my-services/community-and-living/equality-and-cohesion/equality-and-diversity/community-cohesion

34 Majed Iqbal , ‘Muslim Communities in the North Reject Government PVE Strategy’, August 20 2009, http://menmedia.co.uk/asiannews/news/s/1132575_muslim_communities_in_the_north_reject_government_pve_strategy

35 Ibid.

i John Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain (2nd edition), (London, MacMillan, 1993) 84.

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