19. Intonation of conversational formulas.

Conversational formulas include Greetings, Farewells, Apologies and Expressions of Graduate as well as phrases typically used in response to them.

According to their function in speech, conversational formulas can be defined as formulas of politeness.

According to the degree of politeness expressed, it is possible to divide conversational formulas of all types into 3 groups:normal, friendly, casual. The common feature of all friendly formulas is that they are pronounced with a Falling-Rising tone, preceded by a high level or a sliding head:Goob bye. All casual formulas take a Low-Rising tone preceded by a low prenuclear part:Sorry. Normal Greeting, Expressions of Graduate and Apologies are characterized by the Falling nuclear tone, generally combined with a high level or stepping head and low or high prehead:I’m sorry I’m late.

20. Intonation of statements.

Statements as well as other communicative types of utterances are represented in speech by their modal variants, which are distinguished by intonation. Straightforward Statement. These are statements which convey information in a straightforward manner without any implications. They are pronounced with the nuclear Falling tone and commonly combined with a high level head: what time shall we meet? Straightforward statements with a High Fall sound light, energetic and have the effect of the speaker’s personal involvement in the situation. A Low Fall gives a considered, serious and weighty note to a statement. Statements with a Mid Fall convey a neutral, calm and quiet attitude. Implicatory Statements. Statements pronounced with the nuclear Falling-Rising tone are known as implicatiry statements. Due to the specific character of the Fall-Rise such utterances give the impression that the speaker wants his hearer to understand more than the words themselves convey. The additional meanings implead by this tone include contradiction, correction, contrast, apology, warning. Friendly Statements are characterised by the nuclear Low Rising tone and a high-pitched prenuclear part. Utterances with this intonation pattern lack the deffiniteness and finality of falling tunes and the implicatory note of the falling-rising ones. They sound warm, lively and encouraging.

21. Intonations of questions.

Questions fall into 4 main types: General, Special, Alternative and Tag.1)General questions are often pronounced with a Mid or Mid-High Rising nuclear tone preceded by a high level or stepping head and normal or high prehead.Depending on the situation such general questions may sound light,airy, formal. A High Narrow Rising tone is typical pronounced on General questions when they are used as Echo questions. Low Rising or Falling-Rising tone preceded by a high-pitched prenuclear part. Questions taking this intonation pattern show the speaker’s interest not only in receiving information but also in the listener himself. Therefore, they are called Friendly General Questions.2)The most common intonation pattern of Special questions is a Falling tone with a normal or high prehead and a high or stepping head. Special questions pronounced with this intonation pattern are used in all kinds of situations and are regarded as normal, or neutral. Sp.quest.pronounced with a Low Rising nuclear tone preceded by a high-pitched prenuclear part convey the speaker’s interest and his warm attitude to the listener: What’s the matter with you? 3)Alternative questions generally form a combined tune in speech. The most common combinations of nuclear tones in the first and second intonations-groups are:a)Low-rise+Fall,b)Mid-High Rise+Fall. The first pattern is suitable in all kinds of situations conveys a more formal attitude. The Falling nuclear tone in the last intonation group