- •New latin grammar
- •Charles e. Bennett
- •Preface.
- •Preface to the second edition.
- •From the preface to the first edition.
- •European members of the indo-european family.
- •Part I. Sounds, accent, quantity.
- •5. A. Quantity of Vowels.
- •Consonant changes[10]
- •Part II.
- •Inflections.
- •Chapter I.—Declension. A. Nouns.
- •Cases alike in Form.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension.
- •Greek Nouns.
- •Nouns in -vus, -vum, -quus.
- •Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Second Declension.
- •Greek Nouns of the Second Declension.
- •I. Consonant-Stems.
- •III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems.
- •IV. Stems in -ī, -ū, and Diphthongs.
- •V. Irregular Nouns.
- •General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension.
- •Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.
- •44. Exceptions to the Rule for Masculines.
- •45. Exceptions to the Rule for Feminines.
- •46. Exceptions to the Rule for Neuters.
- •Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fourth Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Fourth Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fifth Declension.
- •Gender in the Fifth Declension.
- •Nouns used in the Singular only.
- •Nouns used in the Plural only.
- •Nouns used only in Certain Cases.
- •Indeclinable Nouns.
- •Heteroclites.
- •Heterogeneous Nouns.
- •Plurals with Change of Meaning.
- •B. Adjectives.
- •Nine Irregular Adjectives.
- •Adjectives of Three Terminations.
- •Adjectives of Two Terminations.
- •Adjectives of One Termination.
- •Irregular Comparison.
- •Defective Comparison.
- •Comparison by Magis and Maximē.
- •Adjectives not admitting Comparison.
- •Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation.
- •Declension of the Cardinals.
- •Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.
- •C. Pronouns.
- •Chapter II.—Conjugation.
- •Formation of the Present Stem.
- •Formation of the Perfect Stem.
- •Formation of the Participial Stem.
- •First (ā-) Conjugation.
- •Second (ē-) Conjugation.
- •Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
- •Fourth Conjugation.
- •Part III. Particles.
- •Adverbs.
- •Prepositions.
- •2. Nouns derived from Nouns.
- •3. Nouns derived from Adjectives.
- •1. Adjectives derived from Verbs.
- •2. Adjectives derived from Nouns.
- •3. Adjectives derived from Adjectives.
- •4. Adjectives derived from Adverbs.
- •1. Verbs derived from Verbs.
- •2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).
- •II. Compounds.
- •Form of interrogative sentences.
- •Subject and predicate.
- •Simple and compound sentences.
- •Chapter II.—Syntax of Nouns. Subject.
- •Predicate nouns.
- •Appositives.
- •The cases.
- •Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected.
- •Accusative of the Result Produced.
- •Two Accusatives—Direct Object and Predicate Accusative.
- •Two Accusatives—Person and Thing.
- •Two Accusatives with Compounds.
- •Synecdochical (or Greek) Accusative.
- •Accusative of Time and Space.
- •Accusative of Limit of Motion.
- •Accusative in Exclamations.
- •Accusative as Subject of the Infinitive.
- •Other Uses of the Accusative.
- •Dative of Indirect Object.
- •Dative of Reference.
- •Dative of Agency.
- •Dative of Possession.
- •Dative of Purpose or Tendency.
- •Dative with Adjectives.
- •Dative of Direction.
- •Memini, Reminīscor, Oblīvīscor.
- •Admoneō, Commoneō, Commonefaciō.
- •Verbs of Judicial Action.
- •Genitive with Impersonal Verbs.
- •Interest, Rēfert.
- •Genitive with Other Verbs.
- •Ablative of Separation.
- •Ablative of Source.
- •Ablative of Agent.
- •Ablative of Comparison.
- •Ablative of Means.
- •Ablative of Cause.
- •Ablative of Manner.
- •Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.
- •Ablative of Accompaniment.
- •Ablative of Association.
- •Ablative of Degree of Difference.
- •Ablative of Quality.
- •Ablative of Price.
- •Ablative of Specification.
- •Ablative Absolute.
- •Ablative of Place.
- •Ablative of Time.
- •Chapter III.—Syntax of Adjectives.
- •Agreement of adjectives.
- •235. Agreement with Two or More Nouns.
- •Adjectives used substantively.
- •Adjectives with the force of adverbs.
- •Comparatives and superlatives.
- •Other peculiarities.
- •Chapter IV.—Syntax of Pronouns. Personal pronouns.
- •Possessive pronouns.
- •Reflexive pronouns.
- •Reciprocal pronouns.
- •Demonstrative pronouns. Hīc, Ille, Iste.
- •Relative pronouns.
- •Indefinite pronouns.
- •Pronominal adjectives.
- •Chapter V.—Syntax of Verbs. Agreement. With One Subject.
- •With Two or More Subjects.
- •Voices.
- •Tenses.
- •Principal and Historical Tenses.
- •Present Indicative.
- •Imperfect Indicative.
- •Future Indicative.
- •Perfect Indicative.
- •Pluperfect Indicative.
- •Future Perfect Indicative.
- •Epistolary Tenses.
- •Sequence of Tenses.
- •Peculiarities of Sequence.
- •Method of Expressing Future Time in the Subjunctive.
- •The moods.
- •The Indicative in Independent Sentences.
- •The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences.
- •The Imperative.
- •Clauses of Purpose.
- •Clauses of Characteristic.
- •Clauses of Result.
- •Causal Clauses.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Postquam, Ut, Ubi, Simul ac, etc.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Cum.
- •Clauses introduced by Antequam and Priusquam.
- •Clauses introduced by Dum, Dōnec, Quoad.
- •Substantive Clauses.
- •A. Substantive Clauses developed from the Volitive.
- •B. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative.
- •C. Substantive Clauses of Result.
- •D. Substantive Clauses introduced by Quīn.
- •E. Substantive Clauses Introduced by Quod.
- •F. Indirect Questions.
- •First Type.—Nothing Implied as to the Reality of the Supposed Case.
- •Second Type.—'Should'-'Would' Conditions.
- •Third Type.—Supposed Case Represented as Contrary to Fact.
- •Protasis expressed without Sī.
- •Use of Nisi, Sī Nōn, Sīn.
- •Conditional Clauses of Comparison.
- •Concessive Clauses.
- •Adversative Clauses with Quamvīs, Quamquam, etc.
- •Clauses with Dum, Modo, Dummodo, denoting a Wish or a Proviso.
- •Relative Clauses.
- •Indirect discourse (ōrātiō oblīqua).
- •Declarative Sentences.
- •Interrogative Sentences.
- •Imperative Sentences.
- •A. Tenses of the Infinitive.
- •B. Tenses of the Subjunctive.
- •Conditional Sentences of the First Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Second Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Third Type.
- •Noun and adjective forms of the verb.
- •Infinitive without Subject Accusative.
- •Infinitive with Subject Accusative.
- •Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs.
- •Use of Participles.
- •Gerundive Construction instead of the Gerund.
- •Chapter VI.—Particles. Coördinate conjunctions.
- •Chapter VII.—Word-order and Sentence-Structure. A. Word-order.
- •B. Sentence-structure.
- •Chapter VIII.-Hints on Latin Style.
- •Adjectives.
- •Pronouns.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the accusative.
- •Peculiarities in connection with the use of the dative.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the genitive.
- •Part VI. Prosody.
- •Quantity of vowels and syllables
- •Quantity of Final Syllables.
- •Verse-structure.
- •Inde torō || pater Aenēās || sīc ōrsus ab altō est.
- •Vergilium vīdī tantum, neo amāra Tibullō
- •Supplements to the grammar.
- •A. Figures of Syntax.
- •B. Figures of Rhetoric.
- •Index of the sources of the illustrative examples cited in the syntax.[63]
- •Abbreviations used in index to the illustrative examples
- •Index to the principal parts of the most important verbs
- •General index.
- •Footnotes
Comparison by Magis and Maximē.
74. Many adjectives do not admit terminational comparison, but form the Comparative and Superlative degrees by prefixing magis (more) and maximē (most). Here belong—
1. Many adjectives ending in -ālis, -āris, -idus, -īlis, -icus, imus, īnus, -ōrus.
2. Adjectives in -us, preceded by a vowel; as, idōneus, adapted; arduus, steep; necessārius, necessary.
a. Adjectives in -quus, of course, do not come under this rule. The first u in such cases is not a vowel, but a consonant.
Adjectives not admitting Comparison.
75. Here belong—
1. Many adjectives, which, from the nature of their signification, do not admit of comparison; as, hodiernus, of to-day; annuus, annual; mortālis, mortal.
2. Some special words; as, mīrus, gnārus, merus; and a few others.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
76. Adverbs are for the most part derived from adjectives, and depend upon them for their comparison.
1. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive by changing -ī of the Genitive Singular to -ē; those derived from adjectives of the Third Declension, by changing -is of the Genitive Singular to -iter; as,—
cārus, |
cārē, dearly; |
pulcher, |
pulchrē, beautifully; |
ācer, |
ācriter, fiercely; |
levis, |
leviter, lightly. |
a. But Adjectives in -ns, and a few others, add -er (instead of -iter), to form the Adverb; as,—
sapiēns, |
sapienter, wisely; |
sollers, |
sollerter, skillfully. |
Note audāx, audācter, boldly.
2. The Comparative of all Adverbs regularly consists of the Accusative Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective; while the Superlative of the Adverb is formed by changing the -ī of the Genitive Singular of the Superlative of the Adjective to -ē. Thus—
(cārus) |
cārē, dearly, |
cārius, |
cārissimē. |
(pulcher) |
pulchrē, beautifully, |
pulchrius, |
pulcherrimē. |
(ācer) |
ācriter, fiercely, |
ācrius, |
ācerrimē. |
(levis) |
leviter, lightly, |
levius, |
levissimē. |
(sapiēns) |
sapienter, wisely, |
sapientius, |
sapientissimē. |
(audāx) |
audācter, boldly, |
audācius, |
audācissimē. |
Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation.
77. 1.
benĕ, well, |
melius, |
optimē. |
malĕ, ill, |
pejus, |
pessimē. |
magnopere, greatly, |
magis, |
maximē. |
multum, much, |
plūs, |
plūrimum. |
nōn multum, little, parum, |
minus, |
minimē. |
diū, long, |
diūtius, |
diūtissimē. |
nēquiter, worthlessly, |
nēquius, |
nēquissimē. |
saepe, often, |
saepius, |
saepissimē. |
mātūrē, betimes, |
mātūrius, |
mātūrrimē. mātūrissimē. |
prope, near, |
propius, |
proximē. |
nūper, recently, |
—— |
nūperrimē. |
—— |
potius, rather, |
potissimum, especially. |
—— |
prius, previously, before, |
prīmum, first. |
secus, otherwise, |
sētius, less. |
|
2. A number of adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form an Adverb in -ō, instead of -ē; as,—
crēbrō, frequently; |
falsō, falsely; |
|
continuō, immediately; |
subitō, suddenly; |
|
|
rārō, rarely, and a few others. |
|
a. cito, quickly, has -ŏ.
3. A few adjectives employ the Accusative Singular Neuter as the Positive of the Adverb; as,—
multum, much; |
paulum, little; |
facile, easily. |
4. A few adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive in -iter; as,—
fīrmus, fīrmiter, firmly; |
hūmānus, hūmāniter, humanly; |
largus, largiter, copiously; |
alius, aliter, otherwise. |
a. violentus has violenter.
5. Various other adverbial suffixes occur, the most important of which are -tus and -tim; as, antīquitus, anciently; paulātim, gradually.
NUMERALS.
78. Numerals may be divided into—
I. Numeral Adjectives, comprising—
a. Cardinals; as, ūnus, one; duo, two; etc.
b. Ordinals; as, prīmus, first; secundus, second; etc.
c. Distributives; as, singulī, one by one; bīnī, two by two; etc.
II. Numeral Adverbs; as, semel, once; bis, twice; etc.
79. TABLE OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
|
CARDINALS. |
ORDINALS. |
DISTRIBUTIVES. |
ADVERBS. |
1. |
ūnus, ūna, ūnum |
prīmus, first |
singulī, one by one |
semel, once |
2. |
duo, duae, duo |
secundus, second |
bīnī, two by two |
bis |
3. |
trēs, tria |
tertius, third |
ternī (trīnī) |
ter |
4. |
quattuor |
quārtus, fourth |
quaternī |
quater |
5. |
quīnque |
quīntus, fifth |
quīnī |
quīnquiēs |
6. |
sex |
sextus |
sēnī |
sexiēs |
7. |
septem |
septimus |
septēnī |
septiēs |
8. |
octō |
octāvus |
octōnī |
octiēs |
9. |
novem |
nōnus |
novēnī |
noviēs |
10. |
decem |
decimus |
dēnī |
deciēs |
11. |
ūndecim |
ūndecimus |
ūndēnī |
ūndeciēs |
12. |
duodecim |
duodecimus |
duodēnī |
duodeciēs |
13. |
tredecim |
tertius decimus |
ternī denī |
terdeciēs |
14. |
quattuordecim |
quārtus decimus |
quaternī denī |
quaterdeciēs |
15. |
quīndecim |
quīntus decimus |
quīnī dēnī |
quīnquiēs deciēs |
16. |
sēdecim, sexdecim |
sextus decimus |
sēnī dēnī |
sexiēs deciēs |
17. |
septendecim |
septimus decimus |
septēnī dēnī |
septiēs deciēs |
18. |
duodēvīgintī |
duodēvīcēsimus |
duodēvīcēnī |
octiēs deciēs |
19. |
ūndēvīgintī |
ūndēvīcēsimus |
ūndēvīcēnī |
noviēs deciēs |
20. |
vīgintī |
vīcēsimus |
vīcēnī |
vīciēs |
21. |
vīgintī ūnus, ūnus et vīgintī |
vīcēsimus prīmus, ūnus et vīcēsimus |
vīcēnī singulī, singulī et vīcēni |
vīciēs semel |
22. |
vīgintī duo, duo et vīgintī |
vīcēsimus secundus, alter et vīcēsimus |
vīcēnī bīnī, bīnī et vīcēnī |
vīciēs bis |
30. |
trīgintā |
trīcēsimus |
trīcēnī |
triciēs |
40. |
quadrāgintā |
quadrāgēsimus |
quadrāgēnī |
quadrāgiēs |
50. |
quīnquāgintā |
quīnquāgēsimus |
quinquāgēnī |
quīnquāgiēs |
60. |
sexāgintā |
sexāgēsimus |
sexāgēnī |
sexāgiēs |
70. |
septuāgintā |
septuāgēsimus |
septuāgēnī |
septuāgiēs |
80. |
octōgintā |
octōgēsimus |
octōgēnī |
octōgiēs |
90. |
nōnāgintā |
nōnāgēsimus |
nōnāgēnī |
nōnāgiēs |
100. |
centum |
centēsimus |
centēnī |
centiēs |
101. |
centum ūnus, centum et ūnus |
centēsimus prīmus, centēsimus et prīmus |
centēnī singulī, centēnī et singulī |
centiēs semel |
200. |
ducentī, -ae, -a |
ducentēsimus |
ducēnī |
ducentiēs |
300. |
trecentī |
trecentēsimus |
trecēnī |
trecentiēs |
400. |
quadringentī |
quadringentēsimus |
quadringēnī |
quadringentiēs |
500. |
quīngentī |
quīngentēsimus |
quīngēnī |
quīngentiēs |
600. |
sescentī |
sescentēsimus |
sescēnī |
sescentiēs |
700. |
septingentī |
septingentēsimus |
septingēnī |
septingentiēs |
800. |
octingentī |
octingentēsimus |
octingēnī |
octingentiēs |
900. |
nōngentī |
nōngentēsimus |
nōngēnī |
nōngentiēs |
1,000. |
mīlle |
mīllēsimus |
singula mīlia |
mīliēs |
2,000. |
duo mīlia |
bis mīllēsimus |
bīna mīlia |
bis mīliēs |
100,000. |
centum mīlia |
centiēs mīllēsimus |
centēna mīlia |
centiēs mīliēs |
1,000,000. |
deciēs centēna mīlia |
deciēs centiēs mīllēsimus |
deciēs centēna mīlia |
deciēs centiēs mīliēs |
NOTE.— -ēnsimus and -iēns are often written in the numerals instead of -ēsimus and -iēs.