Билет № 1

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Jury Service — an Important Job and a Rewarding Experience.

The right to trial by a jury of our fellow citizens is one of our most important rights and is guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. By serving on a jury, then, you are helping to guarantee one of our most important freedoms.

Your job as a juror is to listen to all the evidence presented at trial and to 'decide the facts' — that is, to decide what really happened The judge, on the other hand, 'decides the law' — that is, makes decisions on legal issues that come up during the trial. For example, the judge may have to decide whether you and the other jurors may hear certain evidence or whether one lawyer may ask a witness a certain question. You should not try to decide these legal issues, sometimes you will even be asked to leave the courtroom while they are being decided. Both your job and that of the judge must be done well if our system of trial by jury is to work. In order to do your job you do not need any special knowledge 'or ability. It is enough that you keep an open mind, concentrate on the evidence being presented, use your common sense, and be fair and honest. Finally, you should not be influenced by sympathy or prejudice: it is vital that you be impartial with regard to all people and all ideas.

Many jurors find that it is exciting to learn about this most important system 'from the inside', and challenging to deal fairly and thoroughly with the cases they hear. We hope that you, too, find your experience as a juror to be interesting and satisfying.

Зав. кафедрой Полушина Л.Н.

Билет № 2

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AUTOCRACY

Governments can be classified in many ways. The most time-honored system comes from the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle*. It is based on a key question: Who governs the state? Under this system of classification, all governments belong to one of three major groups: autocracy - rule by one person; oligarchy - rule by a few persons; or democracy - rule by many persons.

Any system of government in which the power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual is an autocracy. This is the oldest and one of the most common forms of government. Historically, most autocrats have maintained their positions of authority by inheritance or the ruthless use of military or police power. Several forms of autocracy exist. One is absolute or totalitarian dictatorship. In a totalitarian dictatorship, the ideas of a single leader or group of leaders are glorified. The government seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life. In such dictatorships, government is not responsible to the people, and the people lack the power to limit their rulers.

Monarchy is another form of autocratic government. In a monarchy a king or a queen and emperor exercises the supreme powers of government. Monarchs usually inherit their positions. Absolute monarchs have complete and unlimited power to rule their people. Absolute monarchs are rare today, but from the 1400s to the 1700s, kings or queens with absolute powers ruled most of Western Europe. These monarchs based their power on the idea of divine right. This view held that God granted those of royal birth the right to rule their people. Any challenge to or revolt against a monarch was regarded as a sin as well as treason. During the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, the belief that the people were sovereign replaced this idea. The ruler's power came not from God but from the people.

Зав. кафедрой Полушина Л.Н.