11. Functional style of the language of publicist writing (public speeches and stories in periodicals).

The publicist style of language became а separate style in the middle of the 18th century. the publicist style has а spoken variety, namely, the oratorical sub-style. The development of radio and television has brought into being another new spoken variety namely, the radio and TV commentary. The other two sub-styles are the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and journa1istic articles (political, social, and economic) in newspapers, journals and magazines.

The general aim of publicist style is to influence public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to force him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article not merely through logical argumentation but through emotional appeal as well.

Publicist style in general is characterized by the following features:

1. Coherent and logical syntactical structure of the text;

2. Expanded system of connectives;

З. Careful paragraphing;

4. Ample use of the words with emotive meaning;

5. Wide use of imagery, but the stylistic devices used in publicist style are not fresh and genuine.

6. Brevity of expression. In essays brevity sometimes becomes epigrammatic.

Oratory and speeches

The oratorical style is the oral subdivision of the publicist style. Direct contact with the listeners permits а combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are:

1. Direct address to the audience (e.g.: ladies and gentlemen, honourable member(s));

2. The use of the 2nd person pronoun (уоu, etc.);

3. Sometimes contractions are introduced (I’ll, won’t, haven’t, isn’t and others)

4. The use of colloquial words.

5. The use of ready-made phrases or clichés

6. Stylistic devices are closely interwoven and mutually complementary thus building up an intricate pattern;

7. repetition which enables the listeners to follow the speaker and retain the main points of his speech;

8. Similes and metaphors are generally traditional,

9. Special obligatory, forms ореn up and end an oration, e.g. Му Lords; Мr. President; Мr. Chairman; Yоur Worship; Ladies and Gentlemen,

10. Expressions of direct address, e.g. dear friends

The essay

The essay is а literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. It never goes deep into the subject, but merely touches upon the surface. An essay is rather а series of personal and witty comments than а finished argument or а conclusive examination of any matter. The most obvious characteristics of the essay are the following:

1. Personality in the treatment of theme;

2. Naturalness of expression;

3. Brevity of expression

4. The use of the first person singular

7. The use of similes and sustained metaphors as one of the media for the cognitive process.

Journalistic articles

Irrespective of the character of the magazine and the divergence of Subject matter - whether it is political, literary, popular-scientific or satirical - all the already mentioned features of publicist style аге to be found in any article. The character of the magazine as well as the subject chosen affects the choice and use of stylistic devices. Words of emotive meaning, for example, are few, if any, in popular scientific articles. Their exposition is more consistent and the system of connectives more expanded than, say, in а satirical article.

The language of political magazine articles differs little from that of newspaper articles. But such elements of publicist style as rare, bookish and high-flown, neologisms, traditional word-combinations and parenthesis are more frequent here than in newspaper articles (e.g.: 'how dim the outlook for Victory was', 'Stevenson is anything but an irresponsible man'

Literary reviews stand closer to essays, but more abstract words of logical meaning are used in them, they often resort to emotional language and less frequently to additional set expressions.