2. Meaning

Declarative (makes a statement)

Example: The house will be built on a hill.

Interrogative (asks a question). An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.

Example: How did you find the card?

Exclamatory (shows strong feeling). An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.

Example: The monster is attacking!

Imperative (gives a command)

Example: Cheryl, try the other door.

Sometimes the subject of an imperative sentence (you) is understood.

Example: Look in the closet. (You, look in the closet.)

Depending on the presence of secondary members sentences are classified into:

• extended; • unextended;

2-member sentences may be elliptical which means that either 1 or more than 1 member of the sentence are dropped out. This often happens in colloquial speech.

10. Non-productive means of word formation.

In present-day English they are also called minor means of word formation:

.1. Shortening (clipping) consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. E.g. Mathematics – maths, laboratory – lab, captain – cap, gymnastics – gym.

3 types: 1) The first part is left (the most widely spread type) advertisement – ad

2) The second part is left telephone – phone, airplane – plane

3) A middle part is left influenza – flu, refrigerator – fridge

Accepted by the speakers of the language clipping can acquire grammatical categories (used in plural forms)

2.Blending is combining parts of two words to form one word (merging into one word). E.g. Smoke + fog = smog, breakfast + lunch = brunch, smoke + haze = smaze (дымка)

2 types: 1) addictive type: they are transformable into a phrase consisting of two words combined by a conjunction “and”. smog → smoke & fog

2) blending of restrictive type: transformable into an attributive phrase, where the first element serves as modifier of a second. positron – positive electron, medicare – medical care

3. Backformation is a process in which a word changes its form and function. Word of one type, which is usually a noun, is reduced and used as a verb. To show it on an example: the English word arms meaning weapon was backformed to arm to mean provide weapons, similarly edit was backformed from editor, or typewrite from typewriter.

4. Sound interchange is the way of word building when some sounds are changed to form a new word. It is non-productive in Modern English; it was productive in Old English and can be met in other Indo-European languages

The causes of sound interchange can be different. It can be the result of Ancient Ablaut which cannot be explained by the phonetic laws during the period of the language development known to scientists., e.g. to strike - stroke, to sing - song etc. It can be also the result of Ancient Umlaut or vowel mutation which is the result of palatalizing the root vowel because of the front vowel in the syllable coming after the root (regressive assimilation), e.g. hot - to heat (hotian), blood - to bleed (blodian) etc.

In many cases we have vowel and consonant interchange.

5. Stress interchange can be mostly met in verbs and nouns of Romanic origin: nouns have the stress on the first syllable and verbs on the last syllable, e.g. `accent - to ac`cent. This phenomenon is explained in the following way: French verbs and nouns had different structure when they were borrowed into English; verbs had one syllable more than the corresponding nouns. When these borrowings were assimilated in English the stress in them was shifted to the previous syllable (the second from the end) . Later on the last unstressed syllable in verbs borrowed from French was dropped (the same as in native verbs) and after that the stress in verbs was on the last syllable while in nouns it was on the first syllable. As a result of it we have such pairs in English as: to af`fix -`affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract - `extract etc. As a result of stress interchange we have also vowel interchange in such words because vowels are pronounced differently in stressed and unstressed positions.

.6. Sound imitation is the way of word building when imitating different sounds forms a word. There are some semantic groups of words formed by means of sound imitation

• a) Sounds produced by human beings, to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle etc.

• b) Sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo, to twitter etc.

• c) Sounds produced by nature and objects, to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle etc.