- •1.3.1 Infinitive as subject (Additional Information)
- •1.3.2 The infinitive as object (Additional Information)
- •(Verbals)
- •Verbal Predicate
- •The infinitive
- •The infinitive can be:
- •1.1 Forms of the infinitive
- •1.2. The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive the use of the bare infinitive
- •1.2.1 “Let”, “make”, “would rather/ sooner” and “had better”
- •1.3. The functions of the infinitive
- •1.4.1 The for-to-infinitive construction
- •In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used.
- •Sentence patterns with the for-phrase
- •Practice
- •1.4.2 The Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex object)
- •1.4.3 The subjective infinitive construction (complex subject) (the Nominative-with-the-lnfinitive Construction)
- •Participle
- •Participle as predicative:participle I as predicative
- •Participle II as predicative
- •Participle as attribute participle I as attribute
- •Participle II as attribute
- •Participle as object Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction entering into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.
- •Participle as adverbial modifier participle I as adverbial modifier
- •Participle II as adverbial modifier
- •Gerund The Gerund
- •The Grammatical Categories of the Gerund
- •The Forms of the Gerund The Category of Correlation (perfect – non-perfect)
- •The Category of Voice (active – passive)
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerund
- •The Gerund as Subject
- •The Gerund as Object
- •The Gerund as Attribute
- •The Gerund as Adverbial Modifier
1.2. The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive the use of the bare infinitive
Words/phrases followed by a bare infinitive |
Examples |
Auxiliaries: do, will, would |
I don’t like rock music. I will call you tomorrow. When a child I would go to the park with my mum.
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Modals: can. May, must, need*, should, would, will , shall, dare*(to express outrage). Needn’t in the meaning “it wasn’t necessary” |
I can go there right now. Would you like a cup of coffee? You needn’t have bought bread. We’ve got enough. |
After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to: - I wouldn’t dare to tell him. or I wouldn’t dare tell him. BUT after daren’t (or dare not), you must use the infinitive without to: - I daren’t tell him what happened. (not ‘I daren’t to tell him’); BUT: dare to express challenge is used only with “to”. Dare to express outrage is used only without “to” |
I daren’t tell him what happened. (or I didn’t dare to tell him …)
I dare you to do it!
How dare you go there!
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Modal expressions: had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, can do nothing but |
She would sooner die than come back. You’d better live me alone! I’d rather go to bed.
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Complex object: after verbs of sense perception: see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel, etc. for complete actions
BUT: after be seen, be heard, etc. (passive forms) +TO Infinitive |
I felt somebody touch me. He heard the door open. I saw him come into the room. He was seen to come into the room. |
Note! Know and have(esp. in American English) may be followed by an infinitive either with or without to. Know in the meaning “to see” is used without “to”. |
I have never known him be angry with the children (behaviour, attitude). Everyone knew him to be the author of the article (a fact). |
Verbs of inducement: let, make, have (*only in the Active), get (* in the meaning of “make”) BUT: make + to inf in the Passive |
Let me tell you something. Don’t make me cry. I’ll have/get Hudson show you into the room. He was made to do it. |
But-phrases: cannot but, do anything but, do nothing but, couldn’t but |
Did you do anything but ask questions? They did nothing but listen to him.
|
After and, or, except, but, than, as, like, rather than, as well as |
I’d like to lie down and go asleep. Do you want to do it now or wait till later? Rather than wait, I decided to do it now.I think he does little more than come to work, give instructions and go home.
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Why-sentences |
Why wait until then? Why nor begin at once? |
All+be+bare infinitive What+be+bare infinitive |
All he did was open the door. What we needed is buy a new flat. |
Subjunctive Mood |
I suggested that she give up driving. I demand that all the birds be loosed. The rules require that you come to work at 8. He’s proposed that I become his partner. I recommend that you buy a more powerful computer. |