- •1.3.1 Infinitive as subject (Additional Information)
- •1.3.2 The infinitive as object (Additional Information)
- •(Verbals)
- •Verbal Predicate
- •The infinitive
- •The infinitive can be:
- •1.1 Forms of the infinitive
- •1.2. The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive the use of the bare infinitive
- •1.2.1 “Let”, “make”, “would rather/ sooner” and “had better”
- •1.3. The functions of the infinitive
- •1.4.1 The for-to-infinitive construction
- •In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used.
- •Sentence patterns with the for-phrase
- •Practice
- •1.4.2 The Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex object)
- •1.4.3 The subjective infinitive construction (complex subject) (the Nominative-with-the-lnfinitive Construction)
- •Participle
- •Participle as predicative:participle I as predicative
- •Participle II as predicative
- •Participle as attribute participle I as attribute
- •Participle II as attribute
- •Participle as object Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction entering into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.
- •Participle as adverbial modifier participle I as adverbial modifier
- •Participle II as adverbial modifier
- •Gerund The Gerund
- •The Grammatical Categories of the Gerund
- •The Forms of the Gerund The Category of Correlation (perfect – non-perfect)
- •The Category of Voice (active – passive)
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerund
- •The Gerund as Subject
- •The Gerund as Object
- •The Gerund as Attribute
- •The Gerund as Adverbial Modifier
Participle as predicative:participle I as predicative
In the position of predicative only non-perfect participle I active occurs, its adjectival character being predominant. Although keeping the form of the participle it is treated as an adjective or an adjectivized participle, or a deverbal adjective
The participle in this position gives the qualitative assessment of the subject (or the object, in the case of the objective predicative).
The story is amusing. — I find the story amusing. Your answer is surprising. — I consider your answer surprising.
In many cases participle I may have a synonymous adjective: deafening-loud, amusing-funny.
Participle I as predicative may be used with other link verbs, in which case it may keep its verbal character:
Isadora remained standing. Participle I as predicative can be distinguished from participle I as part of the continuous form with the help of its distribution. The children are amusing=they seem amusing to me. But: they are amusing me.
Participle II as predicative
In this function participle II denotes a state: The Fada road is finished, the great idea is realized.
You seem surprized. He looks perplexed and troubled.
He felt thoroughly disappointed. The door remained locked.
Occasionally we come across an active participle II used predicatively:
The sun is not risen. Everybody is gone.
Evening is come.
.
Participle as attribute participle I as attribute
This function is peculiar to non-perfect participle I in its main sense: a process simultaneous with the action denoted by the main verb or with the moment of speech.
When a participial phrase is used as attribute it follows the modified noun. A participial phrase may be (a)non-detached or (b)detached:
a) We went along the street leading to the seashore. Emma sat in the armchair facing the door.
Another factor concerns the formality of the language being taught.
b) Once a month Tommy, arriving separately, came in for a brief drink.
A detached participial phrase is set off from the modified noun by a comma (or commas) in writing and by a pause (or pauses) in speech.
When a single participle is used as attribute, it generally functions as a premodifier. Here we usually find only participle I active of intransitive verbs. Its verbal character is clear from the processual meaning of the verb itself: living people, a sleeping dog.
Note: When a prior action is meant no participle I can be used as attribute, only an attributive clause is used. Thus when we translate sentences with the Russian perfective participle active into English we must use an attributive clause: спросивший – who has asked, переводивший (ранее) — who has translated or who has (had) been translating, уехавший — who has gone, вернувшийся — who has (had) returned or who returned.