Особенности перевода подлежащего в предложениях со сказуемым в пассивном залоге
Как уже говорилось выше, подлежащее при сказуемом в пассивном залоге само не выполняет действия, выраженного сказуемым, а лишь является объектом действия - прямым или косвенным. При переводе такого подлежащего возможны три случая:
1) после сказуемого нет прямого дополнения:
The engineer was sent to Инженера послали в институт.
the Institute.
В этом случае подлежащее является прямым объектом действия и переводится на русский язык существительным в винительном падеже
(кого? что?- инженера).
2) после сказуемого есть прямое дополнение:
The engineer was sent a worker. Инженеру послали рабочего.
В этом случае подлежащее является косвенным объектом действия и переводится существительным в косвенном (обычно дательном) падеже (кому? чему? -инженеру).
3) после сказуемого есть отделяемый предлог (т.е. предлог, после которого нет слов, относящихся к нему). В этом случае, если предлог переводится отдельно, то подлежащее переводят дополнением с предлогом перед ним.
The engineer was sent for За инженером послали вечером.
in the evening.
Если же предлог отдельно не переводится, то подлежащее надо переводить прямым дополнением:
The agreement was arrived at Соглашение было достигнуто вчера.
yesterday. (to arrive at - достигнуть
кого? что?)
The papers are looked through Газеты просматривают утром.
in the morning,
(to look through – просматривать что!)
ОСОБЫЙ СЛУЧАЙ
В пассивных конструкциях типа it is said; it is reported и т.д. формальное подлежащее it не переводится:
it was reported сообщили
it is said говорят
it will be noted будет замечено
Задание
Изучив весь материал, законспектируйте его и составьте алгоритм перевода подлежащего при сказуемом в пассивном залоге. Запомните значения следующих глаголов:
to refer to ссылаться (на)
to act upon действовать (на)
to speak about говорить (о)
to affect воздействовать (на)
to follow следовать (за)
Упражнения
1. Запомните основные формы следующих неправильных глаголов:
to be was been being быть
to build built built building строить
to drive drove driven driving приводить в движение
to find found found finding находить
to give gave given giving давать
to grow grew grown growing расти
to know knew known knowing знать
to make made made making делать
to read read read reading читать
to teach taught taught teaching обучать
to write wrote written writing писать
2. Назовите времена сказуемых и переведите, пользуясь таблицей:
is being developed; was driven; will be asked; was being built; has been grown; will be given; will have been studied; are made; had been written; has been found; is known; are being read; were taught; is asked.
Specialists are taught. Words are learnt. Tests are written.
Physics is studied. Houses are built. Fruit and vegetables are grown.
Books are read. Letters arc written. She is being looked at.
Motors are driven. Texts art translated. They are being laughed at.
4. Выпишите сказуемые, определите время по таблице. Переведите на русский
язык:
Don't enter that room. Interesting measurements are being made there.
Yesterday the work was being carried out according to the worked out plan.
The results of the observations were not studied last month. They are being studied now.
Various investigations are being made by the Ukrainian scientists in this region of the country.
Last week the equipment was brought to our plant. It is being used now.
Is the temperature of the water being measured? No, it is not. It is measured at 6 o'clock.
Many kinds of equipment for the research stations are being produced at our plant.
The new steam engine is being used now.
The plan of the research work was being discussed by the engineers when I came in.
5. Выпишите сказуемые. Определите их время по таблице. Переведите,
используя различные способы перевода сказуемого в пассивном залоге:
Heat was transformed into work.
The energy is dissipated in the iron in the form of heat.
A new device for measuring pressure is being designed now.
Solar energy converters are equipped with mirrors.
The plan of the scientific work was being discussed for some hours.
Russian is being studied in many countries.
No harmful influence in the health of the workers is observed.
6. Переведите, помня о различных способах перевода подлежащего при
сказуемом в пассивном залоге (воспользуйтесь своим алгоритмом):
а) после сказуемого нет прямого дополнения
The engineer was asked to test the device.
The professor's report was listened to with great attention.
The plan of the research was discussed for two hours.
The results of the observations were studied last month.
The new steam-engine is being used in the ship.
б) после сказуемого есть прямое дополнение
Не was not offered any help.
We have been given all the information.
The institute was promised financial support.
The speaker was asked a lot of questions.
Their expedition was given a very difficult task.
The professor was asked no questions.
в) после сказуемого есть отделяемый предлог
This book is much talked about.
This machine part is acted upon by a suddenly applied force.
His brilliant experiments are often referred to.
A floating body is acted upon by two sets of forces.
65,4 parts of sink and 2 parts of hydrogen are spoken of as chemically equivalent quantities.
7. Переведите предложения, помня об особенностях перевода подлежащего
при сказуемых в пассивном залоге:
Freezing points as well as boiling points are affected by external forces.
Unknown radio waves are being generated by some processes in outer space.
The current of magnetron is influenced by a magnetic field.
The discovery of radium was followed by a number of important inventions.
Some people are easily influenced by other people's opinions.
The distribution of plants is greatly affected by local conditions.
The seminar was attended by all the participants.
His lectures are always followed by heated discussions.
In several areas of research the efforts of scientists are joined by those of philosophers.
At the university students are offered a curriculum of study which is followed by a test and the award of a degree.
8. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемых в пассивном
залоге:
Recently much attention has been given to the study of this phenomenon. In this paper new experimental observations are presented and discussed. The data have been obtained about a new model of the mechanism suggested by the authors. All possible sources of error are taken into account and consideration is given1) to the advantages and shortcomings of the present approach. The results are analyzed and the analysis is followed by a comparison of the data obtained with those available in literature. It is hoped that the disagreement mау be accounted for2) by the improved experimental technique of the present investigation.
1) to give consideration - рассматривать
2) to account for - объяснять