ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов млад­ших курсов всех специальностей. Указания состоят из базовой лексики, текстов и упражнений по следующим темам: 1) проблемы окружающей среды, 2) загрязнение воздуха, 3) загрязнение воды, 4) разрушение при­родных ресурсов, 5) экологические проблемы Кольского полуострова, 6) решение некоторых проблем экологии.

Все разделы снабжены лексическими комментариями. В конце мето­дических указаний имеются тексты для дополнительного чтения и глосса­рий, дающий толкование слов и способы употребления их в речи.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOPICAL VOCABULARY

environment	окружающая среда
to protect	защищать
protection	защита
to pollute	загрязнять
pollution	загрязнение
air pollution	загрязнение воздуха
ecology	экология
poison	ЯД
to spread	распространять(ся)
disease	заболевание
overpopulation	перенаселенность
consumption	потребление, расходование
deforestation	уничтожение лесов
depletion	истощение
acid rain	кислотный дождь
global warming	глобальное потепление

to cause

greenhouse

to fill

wastes

fertilizers

pesticides

the Mediterranean

to be extinct

to die out

to threaten

enterprise

harm

substance

emission

nuclear

power station

disaster

to realize

to avoid

to be concerned

destruction

species

endangered

overcrowding

smog

natural resources

to recycle

recycling center

to save

litter

can

trash

to join

to support

to be friendly to

reason

вызывать, причинять

парник

наполнять

отходы

удобрения

пестициды

Средиземное море

быть вымершим

вымирать

угрожать

предприятие

вред, вредить

вещество

выделение, выброс

атомный

электростанция

бедствие, катастрофа

осознавать

избежать

быть озабоченным

разрушение, уничтожение

биологические виды

подверженный опасности вымирания

перенаселение

туман с дымом

природные ресурсы

подвергать вторичной переработке

центр по переработке отходов

экономить, беречь

мусор, загрязнение

жестяная банка

отходы

вступать, присоединяться

поддерживать

зд.: не нарушать

причина

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

The poisoning of the world's land, air and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It is the greatest danger to human life on earth.

Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid-rains and the global wanning that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect.

The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead, the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea becomes extinct. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.

Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now.

Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening - equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day.

Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions are very dangerous to our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.

An even greater environmental threat is nuclear power stations. We all know about Chernobyl disaster.

People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not some­body else's. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening perhaps we'll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

EXERCISES I. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

• промышленные и ядерные отходы

• быстро распространяющееся заболевание

• защита окружающей среды

• перенаселённость

• быть вызванным парниковым эффектом

• загрязнение воздуха

• наполнены ядом

• кислотные дожди

• Средиземное море

• быть мёртвым

• потребление энергии

• являться угрозой жизни

• уничтожение лесов

• вымирать

• глобальное потепление

• удобрение

• вредные вещества

• угроза окружающей среде

• атомные электростанции

• промышленное предприятие

• вступать в экологические партии

• угрожать дикой природе

• быть основной причиной

• избежать катастрофы

II. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. What is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization?

2. Which environmental problems are there on our planet?

3. Why are the seas in danger?

4. Is air pollution a very serious problem? Prove it.

5. What happens every ten minutes on our planet?

6. What is the global warming believed to be caused by?

7. What do industrial enterprises emit?

8. What is the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains?

9. What are people beginning to realize?

10. People join and support green parties, don't they?

HI. Complete the words and word combinations using the given words:

extinct, effect, warming, depletion, disaster, enterprises, disease, fertilizers, rains, substances, stations, consumption, parties, threatening.

1. ozone ...

2. chemical ...

3. to become ...

4. to be life ...

5. industrial...

6. harmful...

7. green ...

8. acid ...

9. to avoid the ...

10. global ...

11. energy ...

12. green house .,.

13. the fastest-spreading .

14. nuclear power...

IV. Make up questions.

Ask your friend: 1) if he knows about environmental problems; 2) what environmental problems he heard about; 3) what he can tell about water pollution; 4) if he has read about air pollution; 5) what he knows about environment in his country; 6) if there are some environmental problems in his country; 7) what environmental problems there are in the region he lives; 8) if he has heard about' any environmental organizations and green parties; 9) if he takes part in green parties activity.

AIR POLLUTION

Vocabulary

source of pollution

to occur

to erupt

to weather

artificial

aero plankton

heating system

urban

to emit

ash

sulphureous gas

thermal electric plant

oil refinery

источник загрязнения

происходить

извергаться

выветривать(ся)

искусственный

живые организмы воздушной среды

система отопления

городской

выбрасывать

зола

сернистый газ

тепловая электростанция

нефтеперерабатывающий завод

состав выбросов

зависеть от

топливо

выхлопные газы автомобилей

подсчитывать

СЛОЙ

перегруженность уличного движения

пробки на дорогах

рубить

окисление

первоначальный

атомная бомба

ядерное оружие

накапливать

взрывать(ся)

уровень радиации

частица

рассеивать(ся)

почва

composition of emissions

to depend on

fuel

exhaust fumes

to estimate

layer

congestion

traffic jams

to cut down

oxidation

Initial

atomic bomb

atomic weapons

to stockpile

to explode

level of radiation

particle

to disperse

soil

Scientists distinguish between natural and artificial sources of air pollution.

Natural pollution of the atmosphere occurs when volcanoes erupt, rocks are weathered, dust storms take place, forest fires occur as a result of lightning, and sea salt is washed ashore. The atmosphere always contains aero plankton (bacte­ria, including those causing disease).

Artificial pollution of the atmosphere is characteristics mostly of cities and industrial districts. Cities and suburbs contain numerous industrial enterprises, automobiles and heating system which pollute the air and negatively influence the local climate. It has been established that air pollution grows in proportion to the population in urban areas.

For a long time the problem of air pollution in the cities was mainly con­nected with coal-burning in heating system which emitted smoke, ashes and sul­phureous gas (SO2). Today industrial enterprises and automobiles are the main sources of atmospheric pollution.

Industry pollutes the air by emissions of harmful gases and industrial dust. Thermal electric plants, metallurgical and chemical factories, oil refineries, ce­ment and other plants are sources of air pollution. The chemical composition of

emissions into the atmosphere is different. It depends on the kind of fuel, raw materials, technology, etc.

Today the biggest polluter is the car. Exhaust fumes are the main cause of had air quality, which can make people feel ill and have difficulty breathing. It is estimated that one car burns up the amount of fresh air needed for 100 adults to breathe. This problem is especially bad in some cities where, on days when there is not much wind, a brown layer of smog hangs in the air. The number of cars is increasing every year, and this causes serious congestion and traffic jams on the roads. Governments then build new roads trying to improve the situation, but this means that they cut down trees and destroy more of the countryside.

City air is polluted not only by exhaust fumes but also by the products of their oxidation, often more toxic than the initial substance. One of them is ozone which is useful in small quantities, but it is extremely poisonous in large concen­trations.

The problem of radioactive air pollution arose in 1945 after the atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since then atomic weapons have become much more powerful and have been stockpiled in large quantities.

When an atom bomb explodes, an extremely high level of radiation covers an enormous area for a long period of time as the radioactive particles arc dis­persed. Radioactive products fall on the earth, polluting the soil, water bodies and living things. Finely dispersed dust is earned many thousands of kilometers away and causes global radioactive air pollution. Radioactive elements are very harmful to living things and cause hard diseases.

EXERCISES I. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. What kinds of air pollution do the scientists distinguish?

2. How does natural pollution occur?

3. Where does artificial air pollution occur?

4. Why does it occur?

5. What are the main sources of atmospheric pollution today?

6. How does industry pollute the air?

7. What is the biggest polluter today?

8. What does increasing number of cars cause?

9. How do governments try to improve the situation?

10. When is ozone extremely poisonous?

11. When did the problem of radioactive pollution arise?

12. What happens when an atom bomb explodes?

13. Radioactive elements are very harmful to living things, aren't they?