- •Теплоэнергетика
- •Module I
- •Participial Constructions The Absolute Participial Construction
- •I. The Absolute Participle Construction with p I (non-prepositional)
- •II. The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with p I
- •III. The Absolute Participle Construction with p II (non-prepositional)
- •IV. The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with p II
- •Self-Training Exercises
- •Translate the sentences into Russian and explain the difference between p I and p II. Define the functions:
- •Translate into English using the p II:
- •3. Define the Participial Construction with p I after the determinate word. Note that Participles should be translated in the tense in which the predicate of the main clause is used:
- •Define the Participial Constructions with p I, translate the sentences:
- •Translate the sentences. Define the Participial Constructions with Perfect Participle:
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Electrical Current Serves Us In a Thousand Ways
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:
- •Form four sentences using the words given below:
- •Give short answers to the following questions:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •Text 2 Energy Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Find the participle in the text and define its function.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:
- •Compare a and b and define the function of the participle:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction:
- •Give short answers to the following questions:
- •Module II The Gerund
- •Признаки герундия
- •Перевод герундия на русский язык
- •The Gerund can be used:
- •Text 1 Lightning Active Words and Expressions
- •Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund:
- •Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below:
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function.
- •Put questions to the words in bold type:
- •Form verbs from the following nouns:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •Text 2 Active Words and Expressions
- •Atmospheric Electricity
- •Exercises Complete the following sentences using the Gerund
- •Translate the following sentences using the Gerund.
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function:
- •A) Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs, wherever necessary.
- •What questions are answered by the words in bold type in the following sentences?
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to both, both…and:
- •Fill in the blanks with prepositions:
- •Translate into Russian:
- •Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in columns I and II:
- •Describe Franklin’s kite experiment.
- •Give a short summary of the text. Module III
- •Infinitive
- •Формы инфинитива
- •Функции инфинитива в предложении
- •Text 1 From the History of Electricity
- •1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive:
- •2. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type:
- •3. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the Infinitive:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words one or for:
- •9. Explain the meaning of the following compound words:
- •10. Retell Volta’s biography. Text 2 Electric Current
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the following sentences and define the Infinitive constructions:
- •2. According to the models given below form sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in сolumns 1, 2, 3, 4.
- •3. Translate the following sentences using the Infinitive:
- •4. Make up questions and answer them. Work in pairs:
- •Explain why:
- •Define the meaning of the following words:
- •7. The following statements are not true to fact. Correct them:
- •8. Give headings to each paragraph of the text.
- •9. Put two questions to each paragraph of the text. Ask your partner to answer them.
- •10. Give an abstract of the text. Библиографический список
Text 2 Active Words and Expressions
Electricity – электричество in order to – для того чтобы to burn – сжигать coal – уголь instead of – вместо, взамен valuable – ценный substance – вещество to contain – содержать in this connection – в этой связи to develop – разрабатывать to harness – использовать to require – требовать power – энергия, мощность in question – данный, рассматриваемый |
manifestation – проявление, пример kite – воздушный змей jar – банка famous – знаменитый string – веревка key – ключ to electrify – электризовать, заряжать электрическим током to wet – мочить thus – так, таким образом to protect – защищать installation – установка discovery – открытие field – область, сфера деятельности |
Atmospheric Electricity
Electricity plays such an important part in modern life that in order to get it, men have been burning millions of tons of coal. Coal is burned instead of its being mainly used as a source of valuable chemical substances which it contains. Therefore, finding new sources of electric energy is a most important problem that scientists and engineers try to solve. In this connection one might ask: “Is it possible to develop methods of harnessing lightning?” In other words, could atmospheric electricity be changed into useful energy?
Indeed, hundreds of millions of volts are required for a lightning spark about one and a half kilometer long. However, this does not represent very much energy because of the intervals between single thunderstorms. As for the power spent in producing lightning flashes all over the world, it is only about 1\10 000 of the power got by mankind from the sun, both in the form of light and that of heat. Thus, the source in question may interest only the scientists of the future.
It has already been mentioned (see Lesson 4) that atmospheric electricity is the earliest manifestation of electricity known to a man. However, nobody understood that phenomenon and its properties until Benjamin Franklin made his kite experiment. On studying the Leyden jar (for long years the only known condenser), Franklin began thinking that lightning was a strong spark of electricity. He began experimenting in order to draw electricity from the clouds to the earth. The story about his famous kite is known all over the world.
On a stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country taking with them some necessary things such as: a kite with a long string, a key and so on. The key was connected to the lower end of the string. “If lightning is the same as electricity,” he thought, “then some of its sparks must come down the kite string to the key.” Soon the kite was flying high among the clouds where lightning flashed. However, the kite having been raised, some time passed before there was any proof of its being electrified. Then the rain fell and wetted the string. The wet string conducted the electricity from the clouds down the string to the key. Franklin and his son both saw electric sparks which grew bigger and stronger. Thus, it was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity like that got from the batteries of Leyden jars.
Trying to develop a method of protecting buildings during thunderstorms, Franklin continued studying that problem and invented the lightning conductor. He wrote necessary instructions for the installation of his invention, the principle of his lightning conductor being in use until now. Thus, protecting buildings from lightning strokes was the first discovery in the field of electricity employed for the good of mankind.