43.The use of sub. Mud in adverbial clauses of purpose

When a clause of purpose is introduced by the conjunctions than, so that, in order that, we find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) if the principal clause refers to the present or future; if the principal clause refers to the past, only the form might is used. The mood auxiliary may (might) retains in this case a shade of modality. IIIF.E.- She opens (will open) the window that she may (might) get a breath of fresh air.

Occasionally the mood auxiliary should is used (I made shorthand notes of all that she said, however, so that there should be no possibility of a mistake)

If clause of purpose is introduced by lest the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is generally used. Lest has a negative meaning (чтобы не) IIIF.E.- She opens (will open) the window lest it should be stuffy in the room.

44.Realization of indirect (reported) speech in statements and questions

STATEMENTS indirect statements are generally introduced by the verb to say, to tell and to inform, to announce. With the verb to tell and to inform the person addressed is always mentioned. With the verbs to say and to announce the person addressed may or may not be mentioned, the preposition to is used.( said to us… informed us)

The verb to say is used to introduce both direct and indirect speech if the person addressed is not mentioned. If the person is mentioned, the verb to tell is preferable; if the verb to say is used, the preposition to is necessary.

The verb to tell is used to introduce indirect speech only; the person addressed must be mentioned.

NOTE! The verb to speak never introduces indirect speech. to speak cannot take a direct object, unless the name of language or the noun truth

An emphatic statement tinged with emotions is often introduced be the verb to declare

Other verbs are also used to introduce statements. According to the character of the statement, the verbs to promise, to remark, to remind, to assure, to admit, to deny, etc. are frequently used.

QUESTIONS

Word order in an indirect question is the same as in a statement. And indirect general question is introduced by the conjunction if or whether. An indirect special question is introduced by the xame adverb or pronoun that introduces a direct question. If a direct question to the subject contains the link verb to be, the direct order of words is not always strictly observed. Indirect questions are generally introduced by the verb to ask. In more official style the verb to inquire is used. If the person addressed is mentioned, the verb to inquire is used with the preposition of. in rendering answers the verbs to answer and to reply are generally used. occasionally, answers are rended in the way = his answer was that.

45. Realization of indirect (reported) speech in commands, requests, invitations, offers , advice, suggestion.

An order or a request in indirect speech is expressed by an infinitive. The choise of the verb is determined by the character of the order (request). The verb most commonly used to introduce indirect orders is the verb to tell; the verb to order is frequently used, occasionally also the verb to command. the verb to tell corresponds to the Russian сказать, чтобы and велеть; to command corresponds to приказать. The verb to request is used in official style, chiefly in the Passive Voice. It is best rendered in Russian предложить. The verb to request introduces rather a veiled order than a request. Unemotional requests are usually introduced be the verb to ask. The verb to beg introduces a request somewhat more emotional. Very often, however, it is used in the same meaning as the verb to ask, only it is more polite. Emotional (emphatic) requests are introduced by the verbs to implore, to entreat, to beseech. The verb to urge introduces a request made with great insistence. In converting requests beginning with the emphatic do, we use the verbs to implore, to entreat, to beseech, to urge. When converting offers and suggestions into indirect speech, we use the verbs to offer and to suggest. There is a difference between these two verbs, though both are rendered in Russian by»предложить» : the person who makes an offer intends to do the action himself, and the action is an act of kindness. A suggestion may also be an act of kindness, but not necessarily ; the person who makes a suggestion may or may not intend to do the action himself. NOTE= to suggest in subordinate clause, the predicate of the subordinate clause is expressed by should. Sentences expressing advice are converted into indirect speech by means of the verb to advise.