22The Present Perfect

Formation:

-Is formed by means of the present indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb. -In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb ( affirmative: I have worked, Interrogative: Have I worked? Negative: I have not worked) -The contacted affirmative forms are: I`ve worked -The contacted negative form are: I haven`t worked. -The negative – interrogative firms are: Has she not worked? Hasn`t she worked? Use: -Is used in adverbial clauses of the time after the conjunction when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future. I am not going until you have answered me. -Denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on. Where have you been since last Thusday? -Denotes a completed action connected with the present Stop that car! They have Killed a child.

23 The Present Perfect Formation: -Is formed by means of the present indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb. -In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb ( affirmative: I have worked, Interrogative: Have I worked? Negative: I have not worked) -The contacted affirmative forms are: I`ve worked -The contacted negative form are: I haven`t worked. -The negative – interrogative firms are: Has she not worked? Hasn`t she worked? Use: -Is used in adverbial clauses of the time after the conjunction when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future. I am not going until you have answered me. -Denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on. Where have you been since last Thusday? -Denotes a completed action connected with the present Stop that car! They have Killed a child. The Present Perfect Progressive Formation: - The present perfect continuous is formed analytically by means of the auxiliary to be in the present perfect (have/has been) plus participle I of the notional verb. - In the interrogative the first auxiliary (have/has) comes before the subject, the second auxiliary (been) and participle I follow the subject. - In the negative the corresponding negative forms of the first auxiliary (have) are used, the second auxiliary (been) and participle I follow them.( Affirmative: I have been speaking; Interrogative: Have I been speaking?; Negative: I have not been speaking; ) -Contracted negative: I haven’t been speaking; -Negative-interrogative: Have I not been speaking? Haven’t I been speaking? Use: - Actions in progress which begin at a certain moment in the past and continue into the present. I’ve been writing since morning, and so I’ll soon stop. - Actions in progress which begin in the past and continue up to the moment of speaking or till just before it. It has been snowing since morning, but now it has stopped. - Actions in progress that both begin and end at some indeterminate time before the moment of speaking, though connected with it through their importance for the present. I hear she has been calling on you again? - Future actions in progress before a certain moment in the future He will get accustomed to the surroundings after he has been staying here for a week or two.