1. The verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action, but also denotes states, forms of existence, etc. The verb is considered to be the most complex structure of the language. It has seven categories and realizes predication - the connection between utterance or written sentence and reality.

2. Verbs can be classified in accordance with their morphological and semantic features.

и тут это всё должно переходит и в третий и в четвёртый и в пятый вопрос

3. The verb possesses seven grammatical categories.

-The cat. of Tense - denotes the relation between the time of action and the time of speaking. -The cat. of Mood - denotes any supposition or non-fact or shows the speaker's attitude to what he's saying. -The cat. of Voice - denotes the direction of action regarding its participants. -The cat. of Aspect - Marks the duration of a certain action in form of the verb. -The cat. of Phase - Marks the anteriority of the action as opposed to simultanity. (perfect :: non - perfect) -The category of Person and Number.- denotes whether the doer of the action is of masculine, feminine or neutral gender. -The category of Finitude shows if the verb is finite or non-finite.

4. Simple verbs, Derived verbs, Sound-replacive verbs, compound verbs, composite verbs (phrasal verbs)

5. All verbs fall into transitive and intransitive, stative/dynamic, Terminative/ Durative verbs.

Transitive/intransitive (take, give, see, show/sneeze, faint, rise, occur)

Dynamic/stative dynamic – have a beginning and an end (read, go, make) stative – denotes the state of their subjects (admire, agree, want, feel, belong)

Terminative/durative (conditions the usage of perfect forms) terminative –idea that the action must come to an end (give, close, open, bring) durative – idea of unlimit, may go on endlessly (stative+run, walk, sleep, live, exist, talk, carry, love

6. Grammaticaly relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/non-terminative) From the syntactic standpoint verbs may be subdivided into transivite (переходные) and intransitive (непереходные) ones. Without the object the meaning of the transitive verb is incomplete or entirely different. Transitive verbs may be followed: a) by one direct object (monotransitive verbs); Jane is helping her sister. b) by a direct and an indirect objects (ditransitive verbs); Jane gave her sister an apple. c) by a prepositional object (prepositional transitive verbs): Jane looks after her sister. Intransitive verbs do not require any object for the completion of their meaning: The sun is rising. There are many verbs in English that can function as both transitive and intransitive. Tom is writing a letter. (transitive) Tom writes clearly. (intransitive) Who has broken the cup? (transitive) Glass breaks easily. (intransitive) Jane stood near the piano. (intransitive) Jane stood the vase on the piano. (transitive) The division of verbs into terminative and non-terminative depends on the aspectual characteristic in the lexical meaning of the verb which influences the use of aspect forms. Terminative verbs (предельные глаголы) besides their specific meaning contain the idea that the action must be fulfilled and come to an end, reaching some point where it has logically to stop. These are such verbs as sit down, come, fall, stop, begin, open, close, shut, die, bring, find, etc. Non-terminative, or durative verbs(непредельные глаголы) imply that actions or states expressed by these verbs may go on indefinitely without reaching any logically necessary final point. These are such verbs as carry, run, walk, sleep, stand, sit, live, know, suppose, talk, speak, etc. The end, which is simply an interruption of these actions, may be shown only by means of some adverbial modifier: He slept till nine in the morning. The last subclass comprises verbs that can function as both termi­native and non-terminative (verbs of double aspectual meaning). The difference is clear from the context: Can you see well? (non-terminative) I see nothing there. (terminative)

7. Characteristic of notional, semi-notional and auxiliary verbs According to the syntactic function of verbs, they are divided into: Notional are those which have a full lexical meaning and can be used without any additional words as a simple predicate. Here belong such verbs as to write, to read, to speak, to know, to ask. Semi-notional/semi-functional (include modal and link verbs) have lost to some extended meaning but have their meaningful content . Auxiliary are those verbs which have lost their meaning and are used only as a form words, thus having only a grammatical function. They are used in analytical forms. Here belong such verbs as to do, to have, to be, shall, will, should, would, may.

8. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude. According to the implicit gram. meaning of terminativness/non-terminativness and there lexical meaning verbs fall into terminative and durative. -Terminative verbs contain the idea that the that the action must come to and end, riching appoint where it has logically to start: To give, to chose, to open, to seat down, to arrive, to die, to kill. -Durative verbs denoting an action which doesn’t imply any limit ( the expressed action or state may go on indefinitely) Syntactic class according to the nature of predication, all verbs fall into finite/non-finite (Have primary prediction subj+pref.; secondary predication complect subj., complect object)

9. The verbal category of person and number The category of person expresses the relation of the action and its doer to the speaker, showing whether the action is performed by the speaker (the 1st person), someone addressed by the speaker (the 2nd person) or someone/something other than the speaker or the person addressed (the 3rd person). The category of number shows whether the action is performed by one or more than one persons or non-persons. For the present indefinite tense* of the verb to be there are three contrasting forms: the 1st person singular, the 3rd person singular and the form for all persons plural: (I) am - (he) is - (we, you, they) are. In the past indefinite tense it is only the verb to be that has one of these categories - the category of number, formed by the opposition of the singular and the plural forms: (I, he) was - (we, you, they) were. All the other verbs have the same form for all the persons, both singular and plural. In the future and future in the past tenses there are two opposing forms: the 1st person singular and plural and the other persons: (I, we) shall go - (he, you, they) will go; (I, we) should come - (he, you, they) would come. A more regular way of expressing the categories of person and number is the use of personal pronouns. They are indispensable when the finite verb forms in the indicative as well as the subjunctive moods have no markers of person or number distinctions. I stepped aside and they moved away. The verb is always in the 3rd person singular if the subject of the predicate verb is expressed by a negative or indefinite pronoun, by an infinitive, a gerund or a clause: Nothing has happened. Somebody has come. To see him at last was a real pleasure. To shut that lid seems an easy task.

10. The category of tense in English. Tense oppositions. Diffferent views on the tense system in English. The category of tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time. The essential characteristic of the category of tense is that it relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance (the time of the utterance being 'now ' or the present moment). The tense category is realized through the oppositions. The binary principle of oppositions remains the basic one in the correlation of the forms that represent the grammatical category of tense. The present moment is the main temporal plane of verbal actions. Therefore, the temporal dichotomy may be illustrated by the following graphic representation (the arrows show the binary opposition): Present Past Future I Future II Generally speaking, the major tense-distinction in English is undoubtedly that which is traditionally described as an opposition of past::present. But this is best regarded as a contrast of past:: non-past. Quite a lot of scholars do not recognize the existence of future tenses, because what is described as the 'future' tense in English is realized by means of auxiliary verbs will and shall. Although it is undeniable that will and shall occur in many sentences that refer to the future, they also occur in sentences that do not. And they do not necessarily occur in sentences with a future time reference. That is why future tenses are often treated as partly modal.

11. The cat. of Phase - Marks the anteriority of the action as opposed to simultanity. (perfect :: non - perfect)

12. The Category of Aspect

The category of aspect is a linguistic representation of the objective category of Manner of Action. It is realized through the opposition Continuous::Non-Continuous (Progressive::Non-Progressive). The realization of the category of aspect is closely connected with the lexical meaning of verbs. There are some verbs in English that do not normally occur with progressive aspect, even in those contexts in which the majority of verbs necessarily take the progressive form. Among the so-called ‘non-progressive’ verbs are think, understand, know, hate, love, see, taste, feel, possess, own, etc. The most striking characteristic that they have in common is the fact that they are ‘stative’ - they refer to a state of affairs, rather than to an action, event or process. It should be observed, however, that all the ‘non-­progressive' verbs take the progressive aspect under particular circumstances. As the result of internal transposition verbs of non-progressive nature can be found in the Continuous form: Now I'm knowing you. Generally speaking the Continuous form has at least two semantic features - duration (the action is always in progress) and definiteness (the action is always limited to a definite point or period of time). In other words, the purpose of the Continuous form is to serve as a frame which makes the process of the action more concrete and isolated.

13.The category of voice The form of the verb may show whether the agent expressed by the subject is the doer of the action or the recipient of the action (John broke the vase - the vase was broken). The objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language as the grammatical category of voice. Therefore, the category of voice reflects the objective relations between the action itself and the subject or object of the action: The category of voice is realized through the opposition Active voice::Passive voice. The realization of the voice category is restricted because of the implicit grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity. In accordance with this meaning, all English verbs should fall into transitive and intransitive. However, the classification turns out to be more complex and comprises 6 groups: 1. Verbs used only transitively: to mark, to raise; 2.Verbs with the main transitive meaning: to see, to make, to build; 3. Verbs of intransitive meaning and secondary transitive meaning. A lot of intransitive verbs may develop a secondary transitive meaning: They laughed me into agreement; He danced the girl out of the room; 4.Verbs of a double nature, neither of the meanings are the leading one, the verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively: to drive home - to drive a car; 5.Verbs that are never used in the Passive Voice: to seem, to become; 6. Verbs that realize their passive meaning only in special contexts: to live, to sleep, to sit, to walk, to jump. Some scholars admit the existence of Middle, Reflexive and Reciprocal voices. "Middle Voice" - the verbs primarily transitive may develop an intransitive middle meaning: That adds a lot; The door opened; The book sells easily; The dress washes well. "Reflexive Voice": He dressed; He washed - the subject is both the agent and the recipient of the action at the same time. It is always possible to use a reflexive pronoun in this case: He washed himself. "Reciprocal voice”: They met; They kissed - it is always possible to use a reciprocal pronoun here: They kissed each other. We cannot, however, speak of different voices, because all these meanings are not expressed morphologically.

14. The meaning of this category is the attitude of the speaker or writer towards the content of the sentence, whether the speaker considers the action real, unreal, desirable, necessary, etc. It is expressed in the form of the verb. There are three moods in English - the indicative mood, the impera­tive mood and the subjunctive mood. The indicative mood form shows that what is said must be regarded as a fact, as something which has occurred or is occurring at the moment of speaking or will occur in the future. It may denote actions with different time-reference and different aspective characteristics. Therefore the indicative mood has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in the active and passive voice. The imperative mood expresses a command or a request to perform an action addressed to somebody, but not the action itself. As it does not actually denote an action as a real act, it has no tense category; the unfulfilled action always refers to the future. Aspect distinctions and voice distinctions are not characteristic of the imperative mood, although forms such as, be writing, be warned sometimes occur. The imperative mood form coincides with the plain stem of the verb, for example: Come here! Sit down. The negative form is built by means of the auxiliary do + the negative particle not (the contracted form is don’t). This form is always addressed to the second person.

The subjunctive mood is the category of the verb which is used to express non-facts: unreal or hypothetical actions or states. A hypothetical action or state may be viewed upon as desired, necessary, possible, supposed, imaginary, or contradicting reality. Different forms of the verb are employed for this purpose.

15. Mood

Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. In Modern English We distinguish three moods: The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood. Modality is the expression of the subjective attitudes and opinions including possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permissibility, ability, desire, and contingency of a speaker. In English, modality is expressed through grammatical mood and modal verbs.

16) The status and semantics of modal verbs in English. Their morphological features.

Can, may, must, to have to , to be to, should, ought to, shall, will, would, need, dare(сметь)

Modal verbs are used to show the speaker’s attitude toward the action or indicate by the infinitive. They show that the action indicated by the infinitive is considered as possible, impossible, probable, improbable, obligatory, necessary, advisable, doubtful or uncertain

They lack features of other verbs:

• don’t take –s in the 3d person sing

• don’t form verbal and analytical forms

• have only one form, no past forms(except- may, can)

• are followed be the bare inf (except ought to)

• from interrogative and negative form without an auxiliary(except dare, need)

• have two negative forms: full and counted.

• We distinguish primary and secondary major meanings of modal verbs

17) Simple (indefinite) verb forms in English. Their formation and use. Regular and irregular verbs.

Present indef. ( is formed from the infinitive without the particle to; in the third person sg the ending –s is added. After a sibilant represented in spelling by s, ss, ch, sh, tch, x, z and after the vowel o, -es is added; a final y is changed into I if it is preceded by a consonant and then –es is added

Past indef. ( is formed by adding –ed or –d to the stem (regular verbs), or by changing the root vowel, or in some other ways (irregular verbs)

Future indef. (is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall and will the infinitive without to of the notional verbs.

Regular verbs form the past indef and participleII by adding –ed to the stem of the verb, or only –d if the stem of the verb ends in –e.

Irregular verbs belong the following group of verbs:

• Change their root vowel( sing-sang-sung)

• Change their root vowel and add –en for participle II(speak-spoke-spoken)

• Change their root vowel and add –d or –t(sell-sold-sold)

• Change their final –d into –t(send-sent-sent)

• Have the same forms (put-put-put)

• Different stems(be-was,were-been)

• Special irregular verbs(have-had-had)

• Defective (anomalous) verbs(can-could)

18) Progressive (continuous) verb forms in English. Their formation and use.

Present (is formed by means of the present indef of the auxiliary verb to be and participle I of the notional verb)

Past (is formed by means of the past indefinite of the auxiliary verb to be and participle I of the notional verb)

Future (is formed by means of the future indefinite of the auxiliary verb to be and participle I oh the notion verb)

19) Perfect verb forms in English. Their formation and use.

Present perfect (is formed by means of the present indefinite of auxiliary verb to have and participle II of the notional verb)

Past perfect ( is formed by means of the past indefinite of auxiliary verb to have and participle II of notional verb)

Future perfect ( is formed by means of the future indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and participle II notional verb)

20) The simple present and the present progressive (continuous). Their formation and use.

• Simple present: action in the present taking place once, never or several times , facts, actions taking place one after another, action set by a timetable or schedule, universal truths;

• Present progressive : action taking place in the moment of speaking, action taking place only for a limited period of time, action arranged for the future, one of actions is in progress and the other is habitual action;

21The Past Indefinite Formation: -Is formed by adding –ed or –d to the stem (regular verbs), or by changing the root vowel, or in some other ways -In the interrogative and negative forms are formed by means of the past indefinite of the auxiliary verb to do( did) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to.(Affirmative- I worked; Interrogative- Did I work?; negative- I did not work) -The contacted negative forms: I did not work -The negative – interrogative: Did you not work? Did not you work? Use to denote: -An action performed in the past(We entered Farmer Ridley`s meadow in silence) -A succession of the past action( He threw down his spade and entered the house) -Repeated actions in the past(He made an entry in his diary every night) The Past Progressive Formation: -Is formed by means of the past indefinite of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb. -In the negative form the negative participle not is placed after auxiliary verb. (Affirmative: I was reading; Interrogative: was I reading?; Negative: I was not reading) -The contacted negative forms: He was not reading. -The negative- interrogative forms: Was he not reading? Was not he reading? Use to denote: -An action which was going on at a definite moment in the past. It was twelve and he was still sitting, when door opened. -Is often used after such phrases: The whole day, All day long They were working in the garden all day long. -Is used to denote an action thought of as a continual process. Are used: always, ever, constantly.