36. The imperative mood
The Imperative Mood expresses a command or a request. In Modern English the Imperative Mood has only one form which coincides with the infinitive without the particle to; it is used in the second person (singular and plural).
Be quiet and hear what I tell you.
In forming the negative the auxiliary verb to do is always used, even with the verb to be.
Hush! Don't make a noise!
Don't be angry...
The auxiliary verb to do may also be used in affirmative sentences to make the request more emphatic (виразнy).
But now, do sing again to us.
To make a request or an order more emphatic the subject expressed by the pronoun you is sometimes used. It is characteristic of colloquial speech. I'll drive and you sleep awhile.
Note. - A command addressed to the third person singular and plural is usually expressed with the help of the verb to let. Let the child go home at once. Пусть ребенок сейчас же идет домой. Let the children go home at once. Пусть дети сейчас же идут домой.
With the first person plural the verb to let is used to express an exhortation(умовляння) to a joint action. Let's go and have some fresh coffee. Пойдемте выпьем свежего кофе.
37. Subjunctive Mood
The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. The Subjunctive Mood is also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts.
In Modern English the Subjunctive Mood has synthetic and analytical forms.
“I wish I were ten years older," I said. «Хотел бы я быть на десять лет старше», — сказал я.
I wish you would speak rationally. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы говорили разумно.
In simple sentences the synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood are more frequent than the analytical forms. In simple sentences the Subjunctive Mood is used:
(1) to express wish (пожелание):
Long live the Soviet Army! Да здравствует Советская Армия!
Success attend you! Да сопутствует вам успех!
То express wish the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may is also used.
May success attend you! Да сопутствует вам успех!
May you live long and die happy! Желаю вам долго жить и быть счастливым до конца своих дней.
(2) to express an unreal wish:
If only he were free! Если бы только он был свободен!
(3) in oaths and imprecations:
Manners be hanged! К черту всякие церемонии!
Confound these flies! Будь они прокляты, эти мухи!
(4) in some expressions:
Suffice it to say that... Be it so! God forbid! Far be it from me...
The Subjunctive Mood in simple sentences is characteristic of
literary style, except in oaths and imprecations, which belong to low colloquial style.
38. Subjunctive Mood in conditional sentences.
Type 0 – deals with scientific facts, laws of nature, general truth.
Type1 – represent smth quite possible, the action as real and any tense form is possible, since it the indicative mood.
Type2 – refers to unreal present that is used when talking about imaginary situation now.
Type3 – refers to unreal past and is used when talking about imaginary situation then.
Sentences of split condition (mixed) – are used when the main and subordinate clauses have different time reference.
39. The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses:
(a) When the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb to wish. If the action expressed in the object clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.
I wish I were a girl again. Я хотела бы быть снова девочкой.
1 wish she felt as I do. Я бы хотела, чтобы она чувствовал то же, что и я.
Не wished he had someone to talk to ... (Wilson)
If the action expressed in the object clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.
Auntie, I wish I had not done it. Тетя, мне очень жаль, что я это сделал.
The above examples show that such sentences are often translated by means оf как жаль, мне жаль.
The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary would (for all persons) is also used in object clauses after the verb to wish. This form is used only in sentences referring to the present or future; it is possible only if the subject of the principal clause is not the same as the subject of the object clause. It is chiefly used in sentences expressing request or annoyance.
I wish you would stay with me for a while. Я бы хотел, чтобы вы побыли немного со мной.
With the verb to be this form is hardly ever used.
(b) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction lest if in the principal clause the predicate is expressed by a verb denoting fear.
The mood auxiliary should is used for all persons.
She fears (feared) lest she should be blamed. Она боится (боялась), как бы ее не осудили.
After verbs denoting fear object clauses are often introduced by the conjunction that, in which case the Indicative Mood is used often with the modal verb may (might).
She fears (feared) that she will (would) be blamed. She fears (feared) that she may (might) be blamed.
(c) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses when we find verbs and word-groups denoting order, suggestion, advice, de sire, etc. in the principal clause. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used.
H
e
orders (ordered)
He suggests (suggested)
He proposes (proposed) that everything should be ready by 5.
He demands (demanded)
He desires (desired)
He insists (insisted)
He is anxious (was anxious)
He will see (he saw) to it
Mr. Micawber was very anxious that I should stay to dinner. Мистеру Микоберу очень хотелось, чтобы я остался обедать.
In American English we often find the Present Subjunctive in this case.
... she insisted that they open a bottle of wine and toast his
success.. (Stone) Она настаивала, чтобы они откупорили бутылку вина и выпили за его успех
40. The Subjunctive Mood is used in subject clauses after a principal clause of the type It is necessary,
It is important, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is used for all persons.
I
t
is (was) necessary
It is (was) important
It is (was) right
It is (was) requested
that he should come.
It is (was) recommended
It is (was) obligatory
It is (was) better (best)
It is (was) desirable
It is (was) of vital importance
It was necessary that the child's history should be known to none.
Надо было, чтобы историю этого ребенка никто не узнал.
It is better for these young men ... that they should not remain here.
Для этих молодых людей ... лучше, чтобы они не оставались здесь.
It was imperative that she should go home. Было совершенно необходимо, чтобы она поехала домой.a
41.The use of sub. Mood in adverbial clauses of comparison and concession
Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by the conjunctions and connectives though, although, however, no matter, whatever, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) is generally used. III F.E.- though he may (might) be tired he will go to the concert. If the action of subordinate clause is prior to that of principal clause the Perfect Infinitive is generally used.
The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used in adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the conjuctions as if and as though (The latter is more literary)
If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by The Past Indefinite of The Indicative Mood. IIIF.E.- she speaks (spoke) about him as if she knew him well
If the action of the subordinate clause is prior tj that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used. IIIF.E.- she speaks (spoke ) about him as if she had known him for years.
42. the use of sub. Mood in predicative clauses
a) Introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though, when we find the link verbs to be, to feet, to look, to seem, etc. in the principal clause. If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with the other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. IIIF.E.-I fell as if we were back seven years, Jon
b)when the subject of the principle clause is expressed by an abstract noun such as wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. In this case the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used. IIIF.E.- Mary`s wish that our mother should come and live with her