- •Contents
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation Treaty provisions
- •Regulations
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text. Unit 6. Consumer Protection
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Merger – поглощение, слияние компаний
- •2. Text for reading. Aims of Competition Law
- •The Fair Trading Act 1973
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •1. Words to be remembered. Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Rights Over the Property of Another
- •Easements and profits
- •Restrictive covenants
- •The Reforms of 1925
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Mortgages and reality of consent
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Latin terms
Liability in Torts
A firm can be liable for the general torts of partners, and for the misapplication of money and property of third persons. It can also be vicariously liable for the torts of its employees under the normal common law rules. Every partner is jointly and severally liable for torts committed while he was a partner.
Vicarious liability
The firm is only liable where the partner was acting (i) in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or (ii) with the authority of his copartners and where (iii) loss or injury is caused to any person not being a partner. In Hamlyn v. John Houston & Co. [1903], a partner of the defendant firm bribed a clerk of a rival firm to disclose confidential information causing that rival firm to suffer loss. The Court of Appeal held the defendants liable for the wrongful act of the partner. It was in the ordinary course of business to obtain information about a trade rival, whether the means employed were legitimate or illegitimate.
3. Questions.
What is the main distinction between sole trader or partnership, on the one hand, and registered company, on the other hand?
Give the definition of a partnership.
What persons can be partners and what persons cannot?
In what situations are partnerships considered illegal?
What are the rights of partners?
What are the duties of partners?
What are partners liable for?
What kind of name cannot be used as a name of a partnership?
4. Find the following sentences in the text.
Собственник, конечно, может нанимать других людей, но ответственность за успех или неудачу предприятия в руках индивидуального предпринимателя.
Условие относительно прибыли означает, что эта форма не может быть использована для благотворительных или некоммерческих целей.
Компания с ограниченной ответственностью может быть партнером, если это разрешено меморандумом ассоциации.
Капитал, вложенный несовершеннолетним, может быть использован для оплаты долгов фирмы.
Товарищество является нелегальной ассоциацией, если количество партнеров превышает законный максимум, который равен 20 для торговых товариществ.
Все партнеры имеют одинаковую долю в капитале и прибылях и должны иметь одинаковую долю в убытках.
Таким образом, работающие партнеры получают больше, чем те, кто не посвящает все свое время делу.
5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
1. Words to be remembered.
incorporated company – обладающая правами юридического лица
unlimited liability company – компания с неограниченной
ответственностью
annual audit – ежегодная проверка отчетности
limited company – компания с ограниченной ответственностью
debentures (loan stock) – долговое обязательство
subsidiary – дочерняя компания
dispense – обходиться без . . .
pursuant to – согласно чему-либо
trial court – суд первой инстанции
indemnity – гарантия возмещения ущерба, убытков
signatory – подписавшаяся сторона
nominee – назначенное лицо
trustee – попечитель, доверительный собственник
calamitous – бедственный катастрофически
legal entity – самостоятельная хозяйственная единица, обладающая
юридическими правами
passing off – ведение дела под чужим именем
injunction – запрет
free of charge – без оплаты
cancel – аннулировать
promoter – учредитель
remuneration – вознаграждение
to be void – не иметь юридической силы (недействительный)
unratifiable – нератифицируемый
discretionary – представленный на усмотрение
fiduciary – основанный на доверии
bribe – взятка
breach – нарушение (закона, договора, обязательств)
rescind – расторгать
statutory – предусмотренный законом