- •Contents
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation Treaty provisions
- •Regulations
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text. Unit 6. Consumer Protection
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Merger – поглощение, слияние компаний
- •2. Text for reading. Aims of Competition Law
- •The Fair Trading Act 1973
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •1. Words to be remembered. Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Rights Over the Property of Another
- •Easements and profits
- •Restrictive covenants
- •The Reforms of 1925
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Mortgages and reality of consent
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Latin terms
,Московская финансово-промышленная академия
Кузнецова О.С.
Гитович Р.А.
English for students of Law
Москва 2004
Кузнецова О.С., Гитович Р.А. English for students of Law / М., Московская финансово-промышленная академия, 2004. с. 124.
© Кузнецова О.С., 2004
© Гитович Р.А., 2004
© Московская финансово-промышленная академия, 2004
Contents
The Classification of English Law 6
Legislation 8
European Community Law 9
Unit 2. Business Organisations 12
Unit 3. Business Organisations 23
Unit 4. Business Organisations 32
The Directors 33
The form of the minority action. 37
Department of Trade investigations. 38
Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders 39
Unit 6. Consumer Protection 45
Control of Rogue Dealers 46
Defective product 47
Unit 7. Bankruptcy 50
The consequences of the bankruptcy order 51
Definition of Agency 54
1. Words to be remembered. 58
Importance of Tortious Liability 59
Unit 10. The Law of Contract 62
The Law of Contract 63
Unit 11. Contracts of Employment 66
Formation of the Contract of Employment. 71
Transfers of undertakings. 78
Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property 81
Rights Over the Property of Another 86
Unregistered conveyancing 87
Choses in Possession 89
Choses in Action 89
Intellectual Property Rights 91
Unit 13. The Nature of Security 93
The Nature of a Security 94
VOCABULARY 99
Part I
Business Organisations
Unit 1. The Structure of English legal System
1. Words to be remembered.
liability – ответственность
overlap – частично совпадать
extra-gratia (лат.) – по милосердию, из милости
sue – предъявлять иск
to sue for damages – предъявлять иск на возмещение убытков
natural person – физическое лицо
legal person – юридическое лицо
domicile – постоянное место жительства
allegiance – гражданство
alien – иностранец
matrimonial proceedings act – закон, действующий в сфере брачных
отношений
tortiously liable – ответственный за правонарушение
tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
charted – привилегированный, отмеченный грамотой
statutory – статутный, предусмотренный законом
case law – прецедентное право
legislation – законодательство
European Community Law – Европейское законодательство
Binding precedent – прецедент юридического обязательства
Ratio decidendi (лат.) – мотивы решения
obiter dictum (лат.) – мнение или высказывание судьи, не носящее
нормоустановительного характера
persuasive – использующийся с целью убеждения
overrule – аннулировать, отклонить, считать недействительным
per incuriam (лат.) – по невнимательности
dissenting judgement – особое мнение
equity – справедливость
equitable right – право, основанное на справедливости
common law – общее право
discretionary – представленный на усмотрение
lease – аренда
mortgage – ипотека, залог, кредит, вклад
fraud – обман, мошенничество
intra vires – в пределах компетенции, в пределах полномочий
promulgate – обнародовать
binding – имеющий обязательную силу
supremacy – верховенство
unconditional – безусловный
unqualified – безоговорочный
precedence – старшинство, приоритет
discretion – свобода действия
ruling – постановление (суда)
judgement – приговор, судебное решение
will – завещание
murder – убийство (заранее обдуманное)
rape – изнасилование