1. Read the samples of scientific prose given below.

2. Point out specific features of scientific English in them.

3. Speak on the difference between popular scientific prose and the style of exact sciences and humanities,

4. Speak on the peculiarities of the scientific vocabulary.

The Scientific Prose Style Mathematics

l.Consmiainnnf я straws IT i^ali^rriiff^nrtajy,^ Срр^н—^-уч— (I) has the form

" (3) x-Ax+b<u+v)

under tne constraints I u |< di and (vfyyon the control, where y<dj .Assume that

the vectors b, Ab A¹¹"¹ b are linearly independent We first define the function

0(x). To do this we find a vector с so that (сЛ¹ b)-0,i-Q,l,.„,n-2, and (c, Aⁿ"b)-1. Choose numbers ai,...^a such that the zero solution of the system x - A j x is asymptotically stable, where

Г0 1 0 ... 0>

0 0 1 ... 0

Ai

0 0 0 ... 1 ai a2 аз ..Ло)

We determine a poeitive-definite matrix F-| fy J| i,j-L.n from the eolation FAi+ Ai*F + W, where W is асу given negative-definite matrix. Let di > 0 be

any number satisfying the inequality

(4)

0<:di-d2 Јjpi|-y,

where the numbers pi are the coefficients in the characteristic equation

_{д + р„л + + pt - о of the matrix A. Choose and ao>0 such that}

(5)

⁰ L 2. WO,*) J

_•IK

whereas the smallest eigenvalue of the matrix F, and a is the vector with components аь...,ал. Let 3>1 be such that the matrix

2_p-c - j + ,

_■)fij|N-»

is positive definite.

V.l.Korobov Solution of the synthesis problem in differential games with the help of the controllability function. pp.306-310

Economics

INFLATION

This chapter focuses on inflation, a sustained rise in the price level, which is often measured by the annual rate of change in the Consumer Price Index. It is important

-33­to distinguish between a high price level and a rapid rate of inflation. On January 15, 1991, the price of a certain house was $100,000 and, during the preceeding 12 months, the price had increased at an annual rate — its rate of inflation -- of 20 percent. The price of the house and the rate of increase of die price are two separate data: the price level can increase even while the rate of inflation is falling. In our example, if the price of this house a year later, on January 15, 1992, were $110,000, there would have been a $10,000 increase in the price level, but a decrease in the rate of inflation from 20 per cent to 10 per cent. Sometimes, people say that the rate of inflation is increasing when they really mean that the price level is increasing.

THE CLASSICAL LINK BETWEEN MONEY AND INFLATION Inflation is often associated with rapid increase in the money supply. Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman said, plainly enough, "Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon." The economic logic linking money and inflation can be found in classical analysis by assuming fufl employment and institutionally determined velocity. The simple quantity - theory equation _t

MV-Py (I)

can be rewritten as

P-<V/y)M (2)

If velocity V and output у are fixed in the short run, then the price level P depends solely on the money supply. Government spending, budget deficits, militant unions, and oil embargoes do not affect the price level in the classical model.

Money is said to be "neutral" in the classical model, since the money supply only determines the price level and does not affect the level of output. A 10 percent increase in the money supply raises the level of prices by Ю percent; a 10 percent reduction in the money supply reduces the price level by 10 percent. Either way, employment and out­put stay at their full-employment levels.

Money, Banking and Financial Intermediation -Toronto: Gary Smith, 1991, pp.618-619.

Biology (a)

THE COMMON EIDER Adult male. Eclipse. — The body-feathers, but not lower-breast, belly .vent nor back

(usually sides of rump) are first moulted June to Aug. While in eclipse back, lower-breast, belly, vent, tail and wings are renewed, moult, of these areas in their later stages synchronising with assumption of winter plumage in but sometimes moult of lower-breast, belly and vent does not appear before commencement of post-eclipse moult. Fore-head, crown, lores, cheeks and sides of upper-neck brown-black or dark sepia (feathers of fore-head sometimes more or less barred or tipped buff, those of rest of head more or less narrowly tipped white); irregular buff or white streak through eye, feathers narrowly streaked or barred and tipped brown-black; eyeblack streaV from upper-side of lores to eye; chin, throat and rest of neck sooty-brown or light sepia, feathers with imperfectly concealed brownish-white bases; mantle and scapulars sooty-brown or light sepia, some feathers of centre of mantle sometimes with distal halves more or less white and broadly tipped black, scapulars sometimes with outer webs or centres of feathers towards tip more or less white; back as adult winter-summer; rump brown-black! sides of rump and upper tail-coverts sooty-brown, sometimes tipped buff and often with irregular white central marking, rest of feathers with distal halved white, and often with irregular white central marking, rest of feathers with distal halved white, broadly tipped black, some with terminal buff markings and barred blackish; sides of body, flanks and under tail-coverts sooty-brown; rest of under-para as adult winter-summer. N. В.— Sometimes some warm white feathers are retained on head, neck, mantle and seascapulars.

Adult female. Winter and summer.-^ Fore-head and crown streaked black-brown, feathers edged pink-cinnamon or cinnamon-buff; nape, cheeks, side of neck, chin, throat and fore-neck warm buff or pink-cinnamon, more or less narrowly streaked Ыаск-brown in some a light buff streak, feathers narrowly streaked black-brown, through eye; rest of upper-parts brown-black, feathers edged cinnamon-buff or tawny, scapulars notched and w.-ii broad edged of same; иррет-breast, sides of body, flanks and under tail-covens cinnamon-buff or pink-buff with black-brown bars more or less concealed on upper-breast, broader and more numerous on sides of body and flanks; rest of under-parts «аду-brown or drab-brown, feathers with imperfectly concealed pale drab bases (some-

o

vaies with darker bars and irregularly barred and tipped buff); axillaries white,sometimes mottled dusky-brown; under wing-coverts pale sepia more or less, tipped white, some sashy-white; tail, primaries and their coverts as male: secondaries warm sepia, paler on inner webs.outer webs narrowly tipped white, innermost secondaries edged tawny (some­times nothched brown-black on outer webs); greater coverts as secondaries but white tips

more extensive; primary-coverts pale sepia narrow tipped buff; innermost greater, median and lesser coverts as mantle but lesser and innermost median with narrower buff edges....

A Practical Hand-book of British Birds, ed. H.F. Whitherby-London, High Hobbom, 1924, vol. II, 448 p.

Biology (b)

But there are some species which migrate in masses like birds. The American Monarch or Milkweed butterfly regularly flies north from the southern United States as far as Canada,in the spring,and some at any rate fly south in the autumn. A few members of this species are caught in England; thirty-three is the biggest number in one year, but whether they fly in the Atlantic or bitch-hike* on ships is not quite certain.

Similarly a few birds migrate in a very irregular way.For example.every twenty-two years or so Pallas' Sandgrouse arrives in England from Siberia in small numbers, and we occasionally get birds from the Arctic or tropics.

We know something about why birds migrate, but nothing about how they find their way. The most important work on the causes has been done by Professor Rowan in Alberta. He showed that even canaries, which are native to warmer climates than ours, can live out of doors in many degrees of frost if they are well fed. But they need a lot of food to keep warm. So he believes that our migrants have to leave because of food shortage rather than cold. What makes them leave is neither cold nor hunger, but the shortening of the day. He kept crows of a migratory Canadian species in a large cage which was floodlit every evening in the autumn, so that the effective length of night did not increase. He found that when released, most of them flew . north instead of south, like birds which had a normal series of nights of increasing length. A number of plants also react to the shortening of the day .Thus many trees usually die in Leningrad because the frost nips them before the leaves fall- They will live if covered with a tarpaulin about i p.m. early in September, in which case the leaves fall before the first hard frost..

J-B.S. Haldane. Reader of Popular-Scientific Essays. _ Bird Migration, pp. 178-180 -36-

UNIT 3. THE NEWSPAPER STYLE

A newspaper is always very eclectic, from the stylistic point of view. So, obviously, everything that happens to be printed in a newspaper cannot be regarded as belonging to the newspaper style. Since the central function of the newspaper is to inform and influence the reader on certain matters we may speak about such parts of it that constitute the newspaper style proper as: 1) brief news items, 2) the editorial, 3) advertisements and announcements, 4) articles purely informative in character, of great importance are also, 5) headlines.

Brief news items are impersonal and objective. They present information compres­sed into limited space and should be clear, interesting and devoid of ambiguity.

The editorials are of analytical, generalizing character. They are the most imperso­nal for they are "the voice" of the newspaper itself.

The function of the headline is complex: headlines have to contain a clear and if possible intriguing message to arouse interest in the potential reader, to catch his eye, and the chief means of producing "eye-catching" effects is by making use of the full range of graphic contrasts - bold type, italics, different other kinds of type, subhead-lines. Besides, the headlines may intrigue the reader by their syntactic structure: nominal phrases, elliptical sentences, exclamatory or interrogative sentences, etc.

We should also note that the combination of expressiveness and standardization makes one of the important features of the style. Standard pharases, cliches make the contact with the reader easier. Brief news articles, for example quickly made should be devoid of extra words (for want of space too) and easy to understand. They are quicker understood in ready made blocks. So expressiveness very soon turns into standard and cliche when an apt phrase or word becomes proverbial.

The basic aim of the newspaper - to report or to inform is realised in its objective, documentary, impersonal character through the use of official, economic terminology, proper names, abbreviations, the passive voice, etc At the same time appeal in the newspaper is to feelings rather than to reason - hence the use of expressive means on different linguistic levels: phonology - alliteration, rhythm; graphetic means -men­tioned above; paragraphing; lexicology - careful choice of words-as there is always the need for compression of the information into a limited space, the need for clarity, the avoidance of ambiguity; various stylistic means making die style picturesque but

-37­creating no new image which would hardly be a good aid to readability.

Exercises

1. Look at the following headlines, define their type and meaning (list A).

2. What is the function of the following advertisements and anooucements? What are their linguistic peculiarities (List D )?

3. Read the following headlines and brief news items. See if you can sort out and match the corresponding pairs correctly. (List B).

4. Examine the markers of evaluation and objectiveness in the foUowing editorial (List C).

5. Discuss the linguistic features of the following articles paying special attention to devices used to produce emphasis (List E).

List A

NEWSPAPER HEADLINES *

1. When age in no handicap '2. Britain backs move against boat people

3. Big test day for Williams

3. Outside the City walls

4. Lean, mean and ready for competition

3. No rain in Spain for PLC 7« German Carmakers Gloomy

8. Ban hazardous smoking; report shows it's a killer

9. The Chelsea choice

10. Who killed Cock Robin?

An Italian, probably.It\e open season on birds ag;ain all over Italy. .. _

SAMPLE TEXTS

Brief news items and headlines list В

(1) FREEPORT - Several hundred residents of this seaside Texas city fled their

homes when a toxic gas escaped from a ship at a petrochemical complex after chemicals were wrongly mixed.

2. British Summer Time begins at lam Greenwich Mean Time tomorrow when clocks should be put forward an hour to 2am.

3. HONG KONG - The Hong Kong Government proposed legislation yesterday to outlaw ivory trade in the colony from July 17.

(4> Bromley Council in Kent is to spend 135,000 pounds excavating a Roman villa on the site that was to be used for a car park.

5. Santa Monica - The singing star Michael Jackson has been admitted to hospital complaining of chest pains.

6. West Yorkshire's heavy industrie;. are gradually being replaced by banks, law firms and other cleaner enterprises. A Special Report surveys the new scene.

7. BAGHDAD - Iraqi archeologists excavating a palace in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh have found several giant marble bulls, three times lifesize and sporting wings, some blue and some purple, dating to the seventh century ВС.

8. DHAKA - Hundreds of patients at the Dhaka Medical College Hospital were sent home or lay uncared for when 500 n "ses walked out because a doctor allegedly slapped one of them.

9. Nuclear warhead workers at a Royal Navy armaments depot have been wearing radiation monitoring devices that fail to measure accurately thedoses they are receiving, a Ministry of Defence survey has found.

(1) RADIATION MONITORS FOUND TO BE FAULTY

(2) CLEANER IMAGE

(6) ROMAN DIG

(3) WINGED BULLS

(7) CHEMICAL SCARE

{4\ CLOCKS FORWARD (5) STRIKE OVER SLAP

(8) IVORY BANNING

(9) STAR IN HOSPITAL

An editorial article List С

HEAD FIGHTS ASSESSMENT TESTS FOR YOUNG PUPILS By David Tytler, Education Editor

A tearful seven-year-old has persuaded an experienced head teacher to say that she will break the law and not put the children in her school through the legally required .csts demanded by the Government's education reforms.

Mrs Pat Moss was given a standing ovation by fellow heads at the annual conference of the National Association of Head Teachers, at Torquay, when she said that the trial tests used in her school were unacceptable. "That the staff and children should have been subjected to something like this saddened and distressed me more than 1 can say," she said.

"If next year's tests in any way resemble the pilot ones my conscience and my principles will not allow me to let them take place and I will be fully prepared to take any consequences for such action." Mrs Moss who has a grandson who will take the first published tests in 1992 is the head of the 193-pupil Redscope infants school, Rotherham. The school was chosen as one of the 640 asked to complete pilot testing before assessment is introduced nationally next year. The results are not to be required to be published until the following year's tests.

Mrs Moss said: "Over the five weeks' testing the standard of children's work and behaviour has deteriorated. While the teacher spends hours repeating the same task again and again with each group or individual in turn the rest of the class is neglected."

Mrs Moss, a teacher for 35 years and head for the last 12, said that some bright children had not done as well as expected while others, who were not even in school, had scored higher. "We need training for teachers to assess their own children in their own classes. They are quite capable of it. It happens for 16-year-olds in the GCSE, why shouldn't it happen in primary school?"

The Department of Education and Science said: "The whole purpose of the pilot tests is to discover whether or not they work."

ListD

ANNOUNCEMENTS * PERSONAL WEDDELL - On March 21st 1990, Alexander Graham McDonnell, peacefull at Islip, aged 82 years. Requiem Mass to be held on Tuesday March 27th at 1.30 pm at St Philip's Priory, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, followed by interment in Wolvwecote

-40-

Cemetery, Oxford. Flowers may be sent or if preferred donations for the Mae Karen Hilltribes Trust to Reeves and Pain, 288 Adingdon Road, Oxford. 0X1 4TE, tel: 0865 ) 242528.

WELLS - On March 23d, Gladys ' Tommy ' ( nee Thomas ), widow of Dr. L.R.A. Wells, of St Olaves Hospital, Rotherhithe and much loved mother of Pamela and grandmother of Alexander and Davina. Please contact Pamela for funeral arrange­ments.

Whatley - On March 22d, Rosamond < nee Petre ), the much loved wife of David and beloved mother of Rollo, Alice and Francis. Rest In Peace. Private funeral: family flowers only, but donations may be sent to Shelter, 157 Waterloo Road, London SE1.

STUDENT ANNOUNCEMENTS ALISON. Happy Birthday: Have a lovely time, lots of love. Suzy xxxx. AMUSING after dinner speaker required for polytechnic student ball. Phone 032364506.

ANNE & BILL greetings on your wedding day. 24/3/90, Mary & Steve. BEST WISHES for a very special person. Happy Birthday Mum: Love Terry. COMPUTER genius for hire reasonable rates, telephone 075233076 anytime. DEAREST bestest Hester, happy 17th birthday. Oodles of hugs-Soph. DEAREST MOM. Have wonderful Mother's day. I love you loads. Sheel. STUDENT 21, male, v. presentable seeks Summer work anything considered. 0296 748190

STUDENT seeks paid employment before Uni. July August Speaks French. 0904 792586

STUDENT Yrl BSC Econ Brunei, fluent French. May - Sept vac work. London. 0895 5.; 682

BUY&SELL HOME

CARPETS & FLOORING

• Midllesex flooring all makes of carpets and vinyl supplied and fitted by a professio­nal. Samples delivered to your home and instant quote provided, for free quote please tel: 0895-252 276 (29)

• Carpet 10X11 almost new cost i: 300 accept £ 50 Tel. 081 -8686202 FRIDGES & FREEZERS

• FRIDGE good working order £ 15. 081 -882 3938. (29)

-41 -

• FRIDGE as new, 1 yearoldwMtewimfreezercompaitmentЈ75 Tel: 081-995 2416

(29)

• OCEAN FROST free freezer, 9 cubic feet approx 2 years old, Јl00. Tel: 081-422 9321

COOKERS&OVENS

• ZANUSSI COOKER EC5614 less tban 6 months old, excellent condition, with turbo oven and grill. New &450, will accept £250. Tel: 081-573 2578 (28)

• MICROWAVE, Phillips built in style. Brown, large capacity, excellent condition. £ 65. Tel: 0895-632353 (28)

SCHOLTES FOUR ring gas cooking hob £40 Tel: 081-894 6573 (27)

HOUSEHOLD M1SC

•SOLAR SCREEN blind champagne colour 5ft 7" drop 6ftwidth £12. Tel: 0895--2300 447 (29)

• TEA SET stainless steel five pieces £20 Tel: 0895 630127

• DRINKS TROLLY, new never used excellent condition, £40 also 6 cutglass Champaigne glasses new £20 lot, new buyer must collect. Harrow area Tel: 081-423 4616 (26)

•DRIED FLOWERS, for all occasions, many beautiful displays available. AH arrange­ments made to orders, good competitive prices. Phone Kriss on 081-904 2248

* BLACK ASH TV cabinet on wheels with sliding doors and video shelf for standard TV or any use, £25. Phone: 081-205 73 61

*DOOR BRACE, simple to fit door security can withstand 40001bs of body pressure. Ideal gift brand new £ 25 Tel: Ware 0850-608 322 or 081-424 9868 ext3985 (28)

PRIVATE PRACTICE

INSOLVENCY (PARTNERSHIP) Two posts - to £ 92,000 and £25,000 Our client a leading firm is keen to strengthen its insolvency team with 2 lawers, hand­ling both contentious and non-contentious matters.

The successful candidates will be involved in the complete range of insolvency, the senior position gaining immediate partnership (you must have good contacts in the

-42­

insolvency field).

The Junior post is for a newly qualified solictior and has an enormous potential. ENTERTAINMENT

Our client is a small firm with a reputation for entertainment work; it now skeeks an additional solictior to handle media related work. You must have 1-3 yrs PQEin commercial work and excellent academics with a London firm.

INSURANCE LITIGATION £30,000- £50,000

Unique opportunity to join estabished Insurance deparment handling very high quality work. You will be NQ - 4years. An additional post exists to handle medical negligence work: - 2-3 years PQE.

INDUSTRY INT'L COMMERCIAL - HI TECH С London Up to 40K+Benefits

Exciting opportunity to undertake very high quality company commercial work both within the UK and overseas.

You will have major city firm commercial experience and faaiinarity with procure­ment and constuction contracts, planning and funding matters.

THE iflBfr TIMES CLASSIFIED