Мшстэрства адукацьи Рэспублш Беларусь MIHCKI ДЗЯРЖАУНЫ Л1НГВ1СТЫЧНЫ УН1ВЕРС1ТЭТ

Т.Ф. Бурлак, А.П. Дэеушн

ВУЧЭБНЫ ДАПАМОЖН1К ПА ФУНКЦЫЯНАЛЬНЫХ стылях СУЧАСНАЙ АНГЛ1ЙСКАЙ МОВЫ

на англшскай мове

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Т.Ф.Еурлак, А.П.Дзеуяи. Вучэйш дадамоян1к па функция-надьных стилях сучаснай ашжШооай мовы. - Me.: МДЕУ, 19ЭЗ. -78 с.

Рэкамендаваш ВучояаЙ радай М1яскага деяржаувага л1вгв}-отычнага уя1верс!тэта.

Рэдакцыйная калех^я: кандидат ф1л^лаг1чяых навук, дацэнт Н.Ф.См1рнова; кандидат ф1ладаг1чншс навук, дацэнт Л.С.Крохалева

Даламожн1к окладаадца з оям! раздзедау, кояш з як!х уключае тэарэтичную устаноуку па кавкрэтнаму отыдю, найор aV-тэнтачных тэкстау доя анализу, а такоша шэраг драктыкаваннДУ араграмуючага характеру, як!я садзейн1чащь иагдыйдедай сам£-стойнай прадрацоуцы ыатэрыялу.

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Рэцэнзента: кафедра герыада-рямадскага мовазнауотва /ВШУ; доктар $1лалаг1чных навук, прафесар Д.В.Эубау /ВДДУД

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МЗЗЭ -35 (с) Шнок! дзяржауны

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COffTElfTS

Introduction. The notion of functional style.

The classification of functional styles 4

UFFP 1. The style of official documents 7

ПК1Т 2. The scientific prose style 51

ONIT 3. The newspaper style 37

ШГСГ 4. The publicistic style 45

UNIT 5. The style of religion 52

6. The belles-lettres style . • ⁶5

UNIT 7. The colloquial style 71

Summarizing exercises 7^a

The Notion Of Functional Style < FS >

The word 'style' goes back to the ancient times. It was borrowed into European languages Prom Latin where 'stylos' meant an instrument for writing on waxed tablets.

The term 'style' nowadays is associated with the mode of expression with regard to language <i.e. writing and speaking). The same thought, idea, belief, opinion,emo­tion, feeling or attitude can be expressed in more than one way. Variability of expres­sion is related to the fact that there is not one single English, but many Englishes of which the learner should be aware.

According to Yu.M. Skrebnev language is not a monolythic system but an aggregate of partially overlapping and yet relatively independent and complete systems or sublanguages. Any sublanguage has a) absolutely specific items, b) relatively specific items - usable in several sublanguages and c) non-specific items - observed in all sublanguages.

Thus the term * style' may be used also to denote the sum of features that differen­tiate separate sublanguages. Such features are^sometimes called "styleforming" and, according to I.V.Arnold, they may be found in lexis, phraseology, syntax and phone­tics.

linguists io this country often apply the term¹functional style' to a subsystem of language possessing its own styleforming features. The term seems to be apt since the specificity of any functional style is defined by its principal functions and use in a given sphere of communication.

Thus in its most general sense a PS of language is a set of linguistic features that correlates with the nonverbal context of speech activity. A more concise definition is given by I. R. Calperin: A FS of language is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim io communication.

The Classification of FSs

Divergence of opinions is a norm in most sciences and functional stylistics provides a good example of that. The problem of the classification of FSs is one of the dispu­table issues of this branch of science, for different scholars see things differently.Four out of several suggested classifications are listed below for your comparative study.

1. Galperin's five FSs include:

1. The belles-lettres FS embracing 3 sutwtyles: poetry, emotive prose, drama

2. The publidstic FS with 3 substyles: oratory, essays, feature articles in news­papers and magazines

3. The newspaper PS with 3 substyles: brief news items, headlines, notices and advertisements

4. The scientific prose FS with 3 substyles: exact sciences, humanitarian sciences,

popular science prose

e) The official documents FS embracing 4 substyles: diplomatic documents, busi-

ness documents, legal documents, military document.

2. Naer's seven macrostyles embrace: a) official documents; b> scientific, c) profes­sional-technical, d) newspaper, e) publicists, f) belles-lettres and, g) religious texts.

3. Kuznets & Skrebnev style hyerarchy: a) The literary refined style - the publicists, the scientific-technical, the style o^f official documents;

b) The free (colloquial) style - literary colloquial, familiar colloquial.

4. Arnold's style division: a) neutral style, b) colloquial style: literary, familiar, low, c> bookish style: scientific, official documents, publicistic (newspaper), oratori- cal, lofty-poetical.

in this survey we share 1-R. Galperin's point of view on the classification of F.ngli^h functional styles, the only difference being that one more style - religious - is added from V.L. Naer's classification, as well as the colloquial style suggested to be distin­guished by I.V. Arnold. Each of the FS's in this book is presented in a separate unit where one can find a very brief generalised description of it, accompanied by a set of questions for self-study plus an assortment of authentic texts (or fragments of texts) belonging to definite substyles. The sequence, or the order in which the units follow one another reflects the idea expressed by N.M.Razinkina, according to which the system of FS's may be presented as a continuum of gradual changes - from one style to another - of which the two antipodal ones are the official and the belles-lettres styles. In fact, the author mentions the following two sets of contrasting factors influencing the existing gradation of FS's: I) imagery, emotiveness and the aesthetic values are observed in the belles-lettres style, and 2) non-imaginative, emotionless and utilitarian values are typical of its diametrically •. .jpostte - official functional style. If one tries to develop Razinkina's idea and to visualize the system

of English functional styles, the latter may be schematized as follows: A TABLE OF THE FS's OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Varieties Factors influencing the style-forming features,

of speech Functional styles

FORMAL

INFORMAL Colloquial

The table, though far from being perfect, shows that the system of English styles is not rigid, that none of them possesses strictly delineated borders, because they partially overlap and manifest mutual penetrability.

-*-

UNIT 1. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS.

All major FS styles, the style of official documents including, usually comprise se­veral subdivisions or substyles. Thus, the style of official documents falls into the style (orsubstyle) of 1) diplomatic documents, 2) business documents, 3) legal documents, 4) military documents.

Like other styles of language, the style of official documents has a definite commu­nicative aim and its own system of interrelated language means. The main aim of this type of communication is to reach an agreement and to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking, the parties being the state and the citizen, the citizen and the citizen, the state and the state. This most general aim of the style of official documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style, such as their composition, the extensive use of special terminology and cliches, the use of abbreviations ( particu­larly abundant in military documents ).

Let us now have a closer look at all the four subdivisions of the style of official do­cuments.

(a) The Style of Diplomatic Documents.

Modern English is marked by a variety of FS characteristic of different spheres of communication. Thus, to the sphere of international relations we attribute the style of diplomatic documents, such as treaties, agreements, conventions , declarations, protocols, exchange of notes, memoranda, acts, engagements, regulations, amend­ments, terms of... minutes, etc. ( They are nearly 60 in number ).

The style of diplomatic documents has its own characteristic features or style mar­kers which help us to differentiate it from other FS.

Perhaps, the most striking feature of such documents is their composition. The principal parts of diplomatic documents in their usual order are:

1) The preamble or preliminary recitals, setting out the names of parties ( Heads of State, States_or Governments >, the purpose for which the document was concluded, the " resolve " of the parties to enter into it, and the names and designations of the plenipotentionaries (i.e. envoys or commissioners appointed to act according to their own discretion).

2) The substantive clauses, sometimes known as the "dispositive provisions" or the body.

Ъ)Тпе formal ( or final) clauses dealing with technical or formal points or matters relative to the application or entry into force of the document. Usually such clauses relate separately to the following: the date of the documents, the mode of acceptance, opening of the documents for signature, entry into force, duration, etc.

4. Formal acknowledgment of signature.

5. Signature by the plenipotentiaries.

Such forms have come into existence in the course of historical development of the style and now, because of the necessity for absolute precision and the avoidance of any ambiguity which b Important in international relations, these forms are so firmly fixed that scarcely any deviation is permitted.

Another important feature of this style is the use of special terms, i.e. words or word groups to name a notion characteristic of some special field of knowledge or sphere of communication. Diplomatic terminology includes terms proper (to accredit, dis­patch, order of precedence, negotiator, ambassador),and words used in the sphere of international relations in some special meaning: instrument (document), article ( part of a treaty ), clause ( partof adocumenf), party (either side in a contract), provision (statement).

The use of non-assimilated borrowings, mainly from Latin and French (note ver-bale, aidememoire, proces-verbal, presides, bona fide, etc) should also be mentioned in connection with the diplomatic terminology. Borrowings, as we know, are charac­teristic of the English language as a whole, they amount to more than a half of its vocabulary. But for diplomatic practice they are especially relevant as for many centuries Latin and French remained dominant languages in diplomatic relations and all diplomatic documents were composed in Latin and French as late as the 16th cen­tury. Suffice it to say that out of 59 types of diplomatic documents 45 names are of Latin origin, II - of French, I - of Greek and only 2 ( settlement and bond) are "home-made", are proper English.

There are also very many obsolete and archaic words (hereto, henceforth, thereon, whereof, whereupon ). They are not terms for they are not necessarily bound to the sphere of diplomacy, they may be used in legal practice too. But they clearly show that the style of diplomatic documents is very conservative; it changes very slowly preserving the tendency to use the same stereotyped words and phrases for centuries. Vocabulary is an obvious reflector of distinctions between styles, but so are syntactic

structures. Such traits as the predominance of simple, extended sentences and com­plex sentences, the preference for the separation of the subject and the predicate, the abundance of bomogenious members as compared with other styles are peculiar of the style of diplomatic documents. The reason for that lies, perhaps, in the necessity of the transpasence of meaning, elimination of ambiguity, and avoidance of the wrong interpretation of the document, which may cause undersirable consequences. Exercises.

1. Read the samples of diplomatic documents given below.

1. Point out the peculiarities of the style of diplomatic documents

a) on the structural level; b) on the lexical leve\ c) on the syntactical level; (b) The Style of Business Documents.

Business documents (and letters) are characterized by a high level of standard iza-tion. They are in fact a combination of ready-made forms and stereotyped phrases. This standard character of business documents has always been understood as a very effective means of avoiding redundancy with the help of economy of linguistic units. Lucidity and consciseness are very important.

For example, there are certain accepted ways of beginning and ending a business letter. The usual way of address is Dear Sir, Dear Madam, or Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Mrs.Brown if the person addressed to is known. In correspondence with strangers, it is usual to.change from Dear Sir - to Dear Mr. Smith - after the first one or two letters have been exchanged.

Yours faithfully. Yours truly are the usual ending for ah business letters. Yours sincerely is the usual ending for letters to acquaintances.

The body of the business document (letter > should be concise and to the point, without unnecessary information or explanation, written in short, direct sentences.

There are many standard formulas used:

a) to confirm the receiving of a letter (document >:

We have recieved your letter of.... We thank you for your letter datedIn reply t* your letter ofWe acknowledge the receipt of.... We duly received your letter...;

2. to express request: Please, inform us.... We shall < should > be obliged if you .... We shall ( should > appreciate it if youWe < would) ask you : j

3. to refer to a tetter With reference to your letter of.... Referring to....

We refer »...;

d> to apologise: We regret that.... Unfortunately, weWe beg to

We offer our sincere apologies for e) to thank for: We acknowledge with thanksWe thank you

We appreciate.... etc.

All these formulas contribute to fostering such features as precision, exactness and help to avoid ambiguity. At the same time they simplify and quicken business correspondence.

It shouid also be mentioned that stereotyped character of business documents is the merit of this style whereas when used in other styles such as the belles-lettres style, or in the publicists style it becomes a drawback.

Exercises:

1. Read the model letters. Pay attention to their beginnings and endings.

2. Speak about lexical and syntactical peculiarities of business letters.

3. Pick out stereotyped phrases and state their communicative aim.

(c) The Style of Legal Documents.

The law includes many different acuvites from the drawing up of statutes to the contracting of agreement between individuals, all or which need to be recorded in a written form. In spite of their divercity, it will be not far from the truth to say that each of these activities is in some way connected with the imposition and the confer­ring of rights. And from time to time, of course, someone or other may become very curious about his obligations and try to wriggle out of them- And someone else may try to examine his rights to see if it is possible to stretch them to a credible limit and even further. Consequently, whoever composes a legal document must take the grea­test pains to ensure that ii says exactly what he wants it to say and at the same time gives no opportunity for misinterpretation. So if the composer happens to have used language which can be taken to mean something other than he intended, he has failed in his job.

Of all the language styles this one is perhaps the least communicative as it is designed

not so much "to enlighten language-users at large as to allow one expert to register nformation for scrutiny by another. So the lawers think that since their productions are for those as familiar with the jargon as themselves there is no need to bother too much about the simpler needs of a general public and that makes the language of documents so complicated.

Doing basically the same things for many years - conveyancing property, drawing up wills - lawers have developed lingustic formulas, collections of them for each species of transaction. Therefore much legal writing is not spontaneous, but is copied " from the books" in which established formulas are collected. They are reliable and as far removed from the informal spontaneous conversation as possible. It is essenti­ally visual language, meant to be scrutinised in silence, lagrely unspeakable at first sight. The reliance on forms which were establshed in the past and reluctance to take risks by adopting new ones contribute to the extreme linguistic conservatism of legal English.

Legal documents are usually set down as a solid block of script whose long lines extend from margin to margin with practically no spacing and punctuation to defeat fraudulent deletions and additions. The sentences in a document are usually very long and an entier document can be composed of a single sentence and so there was no much help from punctuation to understand it and, besides, since punctuation marks are used mostly as prompts for oral reading of a text and legal documents are composed for reading, they mostly do without them. One more reason for avoiding punctuation is to prevent any possible forgery by changing the places of punctuation marks. Capitalization was chosen as a means of revealing structure, content and logical prog­ression to make up for the lack of punctuation.

Lexically legal documents contain many archaisms, borrowings from French and Latin which add a touch of formality. Legal English contains only complete major sentences, mostly in the from of statements.

Exercises :

1. Punctuate extracts in a way that will help you to read them aloud.

2. Point out the specific features of legal English with examples from the given extracts.

3. Attempt to replace some of the archaic and highly formal vocabulary with modern, less formal substitutes.

(d> The Style of Military Documents. Military documents may be of different types - plans, estimates, summaries^urveys, evaluation, situation maps, orders; all of them have a certain composition (an operating order has a heading, a body and an ending).

The style of miliary documents has its own lexical, morphological and syntactical characteristics. Military documents are characterised by their clarity, brevity, preci­sion, non-admittance of many interpretations. The main purpose of making them brief is to economize time necessary for their composition, handling of messages-Military vocabulary includes terms, addreviations, symbols, special military phra­seology; a wide use of terminology, i.e. words used in one meaning only, helps to avoid ambiquity and misinterpretation. There are also many names - both personal and geographical. Addreviations are abundant too and their number may be up to 50-60 per cent of the text- (e.g. - Co-company, SW - south west, w/o - without, FA - Field Artillery, MP - military police). Terms: to attack, order, machine gun, tank, army; phraseological units: to hold a position, to provide protection, to lift fire. On the morphological levelwe can mention rare use of the possessive case, omission of articles, use of two moods only - imperative and indicative, two tenses - the present ind. and the past ind.

Syntactically military documents include nfostly simple short sentences - nominal and verbal one-member. As a rule there are no exclamatory and negative sentences.

List of terms and addreviatiens from the sample orders, order for attack - боевой приказ armored division ( Armd Div > classification - гриф секретности opord-operation order - боевой приказ situation - обстановка intelligence - разведка Corps - корпус atk - наступление - attack S- South

5080 - 8050: координаты: в США X - экватор, Y - меридиан; у нас X - меридиан,

Y - экватор, поэтому при переводе 2 последние цифры становятся вперед.

Ш Div - Infantry Division - пехотная дивизия

Armd Cav - разведывательный (бронекавалерийский >

flank -фланг

Bde - brigade

Opn Overlay - схема, приказ

in vie - in vicinity - в районе

mission - задача дивизии

екесийоп - задача по частям и подразделениям

reinf - reinforce - усиливать

FA - Field artillery -

H - hour - " час x "- время начала операции arty - артиллерия

SOI - signal operation instruction - инструкция по использованию средств связи

div res - division reserve -

to res - to reserve

Plat - platoon - взвод

CA - civil administration

Co atch - company - рота - attach - придавать

16.00.0] - 16 - число, 01 - минуты, 00 - часы.

X river - безымянная река.

Exercises:

1. Read two sample orders and their transit 'ion.

1. Study the list of terms and abbreviations.

2. Point out the peculiarities of military orders on a) lexical level, b) morphological level, c) syntactical level.

SAMPLE TEXTS biplomatic documents

1. CONSULAR CONVENTION¹ BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND IRELAND, SIGNED AT DUBUtt.ONl MAY 1950² *

PART I. APPLICATION AND DEFINITIONS Article I

The territories of the High Contracting Parties to which the p visions of this Convention apply shall be understood to comprise all areas of land, air and water subject to the sovereignty or authority of either State, except the Panama Canal Zone. Article 2

For the purpose of the Convention:

(1) The term " sending State" means, according to die context, the High Contracting Party by whom the consular officer is appointed, or all the territories of that party to which the Convention applies;

2. The term " receiving State" means, according to the context, the High Contracting Party within whose territories the consular officer exercises the functions required by his office, or all the territories of that party to which the Convention applies;

3. <a) The terra " territory " means that particular territory of the receiving State in which the whole or part of a consular officer's district is situated;

(b) The State of the United Slates of America and District of Columbia shall be regarded as a single territory, and each other territory subject to the sovereignty or authority of the United States of America shall be redarded as a separate territory, provided that for the purposes of article 13 the States of the United States, the District of Columbia, Alaska and Hawaii shall be regarded as a single territory, and provided that for the purposes of article 18 each State of the United States and the District of Columbia shall be regarded as a separate territory;

4. The term " national" shall, according to the context, be deemed to include any natural person or juridical entity possessing, as the case may be, the nationality of the receiving State or the sending State, and the term " person " shall be deemed to include any natural person or juridical entity;

5. The term " vessel" of a High Contracting Party means any ship or craft docu­mented or registered under the law of that High Contracting Party;

6. The term " consular officer " means any person who is granted an exequatur or provisional or other authorization, for the performance of functions to which this Convention relates, by the appropriate authorities of the territory;

(7) The term " consular employee" moans any person employed at a consulate for

1 United Nations, Treaty Series, vol 222, p. 108.

2 Came into force on 12 June 19s4.

the performance of executive, administrative, clerical, technical or professional duties, or as consular guard, messenger or driver of a vehicle whose паше has been duty communicated, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (2) of article 6, to the appropriate authorities. It does not include any person employed on domestic duties;

(8) The term" archives " shah, where the context so permits, be deemed to include, official correspondence, documents, papers, books, records, cash, stamps, seals, filing cabinets, safes and other office paraphernalia held or used for official purposes.

PART П. APPOINTMENTS AND DISTRICTS Article 3

1. Either High Cons-acting Party may establish and maintain consulates in the territories of the other at any place where any third State possesses a consulate and at any other place where the receiving State agrees to the establishment of a consulate. It shall be within the discretion of sending State to determine whether the consulate shall be a consulate general, consulate, vice consulate, or consular agency.

2. The sending State shall keep the receiving State informed of the district of its consulates and subject to paragraph (3) of tins article, may prescribe the limits of these distcricts at its discretion.

3. The receiving State shall have the right to object to the inclusion within the consular district:

(a) Of any area which is not within a consular district aod is not open to the Trade Commissioners or commercial representatives of a third State;

(b) Of any territory of a third State.

(4) A consular officer may, upon notification to the receiving State, perform consular functions outside his consular district unless the receiving State object.

Article 4

1. Subject to the provisions of the subsequent paragraphs of this article, the sen­ding State may assign to any of its consulates consular officers of such number and rank as it may deem necessary. The sending State shall notify the receiving State in writing of the assignment of a consular officer to a consulate.

2. The exequatur or other authorization shall be granted as soon as possible and free of charge by the receiving Sate on presentation of the officer's commission or other notification of assignment. When necessary, a provisional authorization shall be accorded, pending the grant of an exequatur or other authorization.

(3) The exequatur or other authorization shall not be refused without good cause.

(4> The receiving State shall not be deemed to have consentted to a consular officer's acting as such, or to have extended to him the benefits of the provisions of this Convention, until the receiving State has granted him an exequatur or other authorization.

2. UNITED NATIONS TREATY SERIES

Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Egyptian Government concerning self-government and self-determination for the Sudan

Cairo, 12 February, 1953

The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter called "the United Kingdom Government") and the Egyptian Government,

Firmly believing in the right of the Sudanese people to Self-Determination and the effective exercise thereof at the proper time and with the necessary safeguards, Have agreed as follows:

Article I

In order to enable the Sudanese people to exercise Self-Determination in a free and neutral atmosphere, a transitional period providing full self-government for the Sudanese shall begin on the day specified in Article 9 below. Article 2

The transitional period, being a preparation for the effective termination of the dual Administration, shall be considered as a liquidation of that Administration. During the transitional period the sovereignty of the Sugan shall be kept in reserve for the Sudanese until Self-Determination is achieved.

Article 15

This Agreement together with its attachments shall come into force upon signature. In witness whereof the undersigned duly authorized thereto have signed the present

Agreement and affixed thereto their Seals.

(Here follow the signatures)

3. TREATY ON THE NON-PROUF1RATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter refeffed to as the "Parties to the Treaty",

Considering the devastation that should be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples.

Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war.

In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons,

Undertaking to co-operate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities,

Expressing their support for research development and other efforts to further the application within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency safe­guards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic points.

Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear techno­logy, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be avail­able for peaceful purposes to alt Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States,

Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientific information for, and to contribute alone or in the co-operation with outer States to the further development of the applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures id the di. jetton of nuclear disarmament.

- 17-

Urging the co-operation of all Stales in the Attainment of this objective, Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for II time and to continue negotiations to this end.

Desiring to further the easing of international tension and the strengthening of trust between States in order to facilitate the cessation of the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the liquidation of all their existing stockpiles, and the elimination from national arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery pursuant to a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under general and effective international control.

Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States must refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, and that the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources,

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or other­wise acquire nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.

Article 11

Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to die Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transfer or whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explo­sive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

Article X

1. Each Party shall in exersising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.

2. Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference shall be convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shal! be extended for an additional fixed period or periods. This decision shall be taken by a majority of the Parties to the Treaty.

Article XI

This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Govern­ments, Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorised, have signed this Treaty.

Done in triplicate, at the cities of London, Moscow and Washington, the first day of July, one thousand nine hundered and sixty-eight.

MODEL LETTERS Bussiness documents

From a Clerk, asking to be given an Opportunity of Travelling

April 14th.

Messrs. Deacon & White. Dear Sirs,

I am writing to ask if you will consider my claims when are-next appointing a traveller. I have been with you now eleven years, and have an intimate knowledge of the business and your customers. You know I am a hard worker and trustworthy, and I feel sure, it you would give me an opportunity, I could do very well indeed for you on the road. I should much prefer travelling to my present work, and, as I am very eager to improve my position, you may rest assured that I should do my best.

As you know, the firm does not cover very well at present the West of England, especially the North-West I think there is a splendid opening for pushing your goods

in Cheshire, Shropshire, Hereford, and the Welsh counties, and, if you would give me the chance, I believe I could open a large number of new accounts for you there.

Yours Faithfully, H. N. Read.

From an Employee, asking for Reference

September 29th.

Dear Sir,

I want to apply for a post in the Indian Civil Service, wich has been advertised, and, as I have to send three testimonials with my application, I should be very much obliged if you would give me a letter of recommendation. You will see from the advertisement, which I enclose, the kind of services which are required.

I think you have always been satisfied with my work, and I hope you will say all you can in my favour. The post is a very good one and it seems to offer exceptional advantages for advancement.

If my application is not successful, I trust y»u will not think I am dissatisfied with my position here or wish to leave your employ. I am only applying for this post because I feel it would give me a very much better position and salary.

Yours faithfully,

A. CHATTERJEE.

Giving favourable Reference

Confidential. September 6th.

Dear Sir,

In reply to your letter of the 4th inst., making inquiries about Mr. J. L. Cotterell, I may say that I am sure you will find him satisfactory as a ledger clerk in every way-He is a careful and conscientious worker, and I know nothing against his character. The reason he left our employ was that our ledgers are now kept at our head office in Manchester, and Mr. Cotterell did not wish to leave London.

Yours faithfully, V. S. PELTON.

Opening a new Account

March 6th.

Dear Sir,

We thank, you for your letter of the 1st of March, and have pleasure in enclosing our catalogues. We shall be happy to execute your orders on our usual terms—2 I/ 2 % at one month, or 3 1/2% for prompt cash, and trust this may be the beginning of a long and mutually profitable connection between us.

Our Mr. Allen hopes to call upon you on the 12th of this month, and your orders, passed to him or sent to us direct, will always have our immediate attention. Mr. Allen will also be pleased to discuss with you various suggestions in which we could help you in the way of window display, circularising, etc. We like to help our customers in every way possible and hope you will not hesitate to write to us whenever we can be of use.

Yours faithfully, THE UNIVERSAL PRODUCE CO., LTD.

H. MARSHALL. Director.

On Taking over a Business

October 19th.

Sir or Madam,

I write to inform you that, on the retirement of Mr. J. Brown, I have taken over tfw business conducted by him under the style ofJ.&T. Brown.

I propose to trade under the same title and hope to maintain the firm's hign tradi­tion for quality, moderate prices, and prompt and courteous attention.

As I have worked with Mr. Brown for many years, I fully understand your requirements, and I assure you that your orders will always have my best attention.

Yours fainthfully,

W. W. THYME. (Manager for Messrs. J. Д T. Brown for 18 years.)

Announcing Sale

March 1st

Dear Madam,

We beg ю advise you that our Spring Sale will open on March 15th, and enclose catalogue showing a few of the great bargains that will be offered.

Prices have been reduced in some cases by over 50%, and in all departments exceptional opportunities are offered of obtaining hign-class goods far below cost. These are all goods bought for our general stock, and therefore are in every way up to the high standard of quality on which our reputation is based.

We hope you will be able to pay us a visit and make your own selection. If you are unable to do so, however, we shall be happy to reserve for you any goods up to the amount of our st-cks ordered from the enclosed catalogue, to be dispatched on March 15th. Orders by post cannot be received after that date.

As all prices have been so greatly reduced, we can only sell these goods on a cash basis, and remittance in full must accompany orders. We pay carriage on all orders over I in value.

Assuring you always of our best attention, and awaiting your commands,

We are. Madam,

Yours faithfully, WATSON & PEEL.

A copy ofa letter ofcredit

Barclays Bank PLC 1 Union Court, London EC2P 2HP

DOCUMENTARY CREDITS DEPARTMENT date 12th June 19..

( SPECIMEN ) IRREVOCABLE CREDIT No: - UTDC / 35342

To be quoted on all drafts and correspondence

Beneficiary (ies)

Granger and Wadly Lai. Advised through

Adderley Road Hackney, London E8 1XY

Accreditor

WodalLtd.

New Road

Kowloon, Hong Kong

To be completed only if applicable Our cable of Advised through

Refers

Dear Sir ( s )

In accordance wilh the instructions received from The Downtown Bank & Trust Co whereby issue in your favour a Documentary Credit for 4108 (say) Four thousand, one hundred and eight pounds sterling available by your drafts on us at sight for the 100% c.i.f. invoice value, accompanied by the following documents:

1. Signed invoice in triplicate.

2. Full set of clean Combined Transport Bills of Lading made out to order and blank endorsed, marked ' Freight Paid ' and * Notify Wodai Ltd., N'ew Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong'.

3. Insurance Policy or Certificate in duplicate, covering Marine and War risks up to buyer's warehouse, for invoice value of the goods plus 10%.

Covering the following goods: 400 Electric Power Drills

To be shipped from London to Hong Kong c.i,f.

not later than 10th August 19 ..

Partshipment not permitted Transhipment permitted

The credit is available for presentation to us until 31 August 19 ..

Documents to be presented within 21 days of shipment but within credit validity.

Drafts drawn hereunder must be marked " Drawn under Barclays Bank PLC 1 Union Court, London branch, credit number UTDC 35342 "

We undertake that drafts and documents drawn under and in strict conformity with the terms of this credit will be honoured upon presentation.

Yours faithfully,

Co-signed ( Signature No 9248 ) Signed ( Signature No, 10237 )

Please sec reverse ,.,

Legal documents EXTRACT FROM AN ENDOWMENT ASSURANCE POLICY WHEREAS a proposal to effect with the Society an assurance on the Life Insured named in the Schedule hereto has been duly made and signed as т basis of such assurance and a declaration has been made agreeing that this policy shall be subject to the Society's Registered Rules (which shall be deemed to form pan of this policy)

-23­to the Table of Insurance printed hereon and to the terms and conditions of the said Table and that the date of entrance stated hereon shall he deemed to be the date of this contract AND such proposal has been accepted by the Society on the conditions as set in the proposal

NOW this policy issued by the Society on payment of the first premium stated in the Schedule hereto subject to the Registered Rules of the Society. WITNESSETH that if the Life Insured shall pay or cause to be paid to the Society or to the duly authorised Agent or Collector thereof every subsequent premium at the due date thereof the funds of the Society shall on the expiration of the term of years specified in the Schedule hereto or on the previous death of the Life Insured become and be liable to pay to him/her or to his/her personal representative or next-of-kin or assigns as the case may be the sum due and payable hereunder in accordance with the Table of Insurance printed hereon and the terms and conditions of the said Table (including any sum which may have accrued by way of reversionary bonus) subject to any authorised endorsement appearing hereon and to the production of this policy premium receipts and such other evidence of title as may be required IF UPON THE DEATH OF THE LIFE INSURED there shall be no duly constituted personal representative or nominee or assignee of the Life Insured able and willing to give a valid receipt for the sum payable such sum may in the discretion of the Committee of Management be paid to one or more of the next-of-kin of the Life Insu­red whose receipt shall effectually discharge the Society from all liability under this policy.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF we the Secretary and two of the Committee of Manage­ment of the Society have hereunto attached our signatures.

EXTRACT FROM A HIRE PURCHASE AGREEMENT

7. Notwithstanding the termination of the Wring under Clause 6 the Hirer shall pay ail rent accrued due in respect of the hiring up to the date of such termination and shall be or remain liable in respect of any damage to the Owner by reason of any breach by the Hirer of any stipulation herein contained and on the part of the Hirer to be performed or observed.

8. At any time before the Owaer shaii have recovered possession of the goods and

before the Hirer shall have terminated the hiring under Section 4 of the Hire-Purchase Act 1938 (as amended) the Hirer may on the payment to the Owner of the total amount of any instalments then remaining unpaid of the rent hereinbefore reser­ved and agread to be paid during the termand the further sum often shillings purchase the goods:

Provided that such payment as aforesaid shall be a condition precedent to the exercise of the option to purchase so conferred (this agreement not being an undertaking by the Owner to sell the goods on creditor without such payment as aforesaid being first made) and accordingly any notice unaccompanied by such payment as aforesaid of an intention to exercise the said option shall be void and shall not constitute a binding agreement to purchase or sell the goods.

Military documents

ORDER ^OR DEFENCE INFANTRY DIVISION TEXT (Classification)

Copv No 2

20th'Inf Div

KIA(4413),LADIA

152000 May 19

GV 37

OPORD 13

Reference: Map, LADIA, K-10-5.1:250000, NAK1 I. SITUATION

a. Enemy forces. Annex A, Intelligence.

b. Friendly forces.

(I) 1st Corps defends line inclusive KUDDA (5263 ) — SYMA

(4821 )-- DEPAL(4984). ( 2) Corps covering force composed of 201st Armd Cav in position along line

NORA ( 6769 ) --OBOR ( 6319 ) - GOZA ( 6484 ). ( 3 ) 601st Arty reinf 20th Div Arty.

c. Atachments and detachments. 525th MI Det and 2d Plat, 5416 CA Co afch effective 160001.

г mission*