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Sensations

Sight Sound Smell

Word formation analysis (Arnold)

Morphemic analysis is limited to stating the number and the type of morphemes.

e.g. “provincial”: 2 morphemes = 1 root “province” + suffix “-ial” => a derived word.

“unencumbered”: 3 morphemes: 1 prefix “un-” + 1 root “cumber” + 1 suffix “-ed” =>

=> a derived word.

“gas-invaded”: 3 morphemes: 2 root (“gas” + “invade”) + 1 suffix “-ed” => a compoud

derivative word

Structural correlation analysis studies the structural correlation with other words, the structural patterns and rules on which words are built.

e.g. spire and “spires” are members of a morphemic opposition. Their distinctive feature is the

suffix “s” as it helps to create the plural form of the noun. Thus this binary opposition

comprises two elements.

unfrock and “unfrocked” are members of a morphemic opposition. Their distinctive feature

is the suffix “-ed” (which meaning is passive) which helps to create a Participle II from the

verb.

Analysis into immediate constituents deals with motivation, i.e. a data the listener has to go by in understanding the segmentation of the word.

e.g. (gas+invade)+ed

friend+ly

Back formation – the derivation of a new word by subtracting a real or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure.

e.g. to buttle < buttler

Phraseology

Classification by Smirnitsky

1. Одновершинные фразеологические единицы имеют только один семантически полнозначный компонент.

e.g. “to make it”

2. Двувершинные и многовершинные фразеологические единицы имеют два или более семантически полновесных компонента.

e.g. “to make a song and dance”

Semantic classification by Vinogradov

A. Phraseological fusions are units whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of

their component parts, the meaning of phraseological fusions is unmotivated at the present

stage of language development (the meaning of the components is completely absorbed by

the meaning of the whole).

e.g. “spick and span”

B. Phraseological unities are expressions the meaning of which can be deduced from the

meanings of the their components (the meaning of the whole is based on the transferred

meanings of the components). These expressions are motivated.

e.g. “bell” – the bear the bell

C. Phraseological combinations are traditional word groups. Word combinations are combined

with their original meaning. The components are limited in the ability to combine with each

other by some linguistic factors.

e.g. “drowned” – to drown one’s sorrows