- •4 Семестр
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •В качестве учебного пособия
- •Введение
- •Chapter VII crimes and torts Unit 21 Crimes
- •Text a What is Crime?
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text c Kinds of Cases
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text d Classification of Crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Text e Crime in Modern Society
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 23 Torts Text a Classification of Torts
- •Text b Comparison of Crimes and Torts
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 24 Punishment
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •1) Связанный с применением наказания
- •2) Карательный, штрафной
- •Chapter VIII legal profession Unit 26
- •Professional Titles
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 27 People in Law Cases in Great Britain
- •Text a Legal Profession in England and Wales
- •Text b Judges in Great Britain
- •Unit 28 Lawyers in the usa
- •Text a The Job of the Lawyers
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b What Lawyers Do
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 29 Lawyers in Russia
- •Text a Legal Professionals
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b Judges in the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Chapter IX legal education Unit 30 Legal Education in the uk
- •Text a Studying Law at Cambridge University (England)
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 31 Legal Education in the usa
- •Text a Lawyer’s Training.
- •Vocabulary
- •Chapter X the law in practice Unit 33 Law Firms
- •Part 2: Text a Law Firms
- •Text b Law Firm in Practice
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Vocabulary
- •Литература
- •Contents
- •Legal English-2
Text b Comparison of Crimes and Torts
The definitions of many torts closely resemble definitions of crimes. For example, the tort of conversion in English law covers taking, destroying or selling someone else’s goods, as does the crime of theft. When a tort is committed, the same act is often also a crime. But the essential difference between torts and crimes is that the former are the subject of civil law disputes between private individuals, and the latter are prosecuted by the state.
Sometimes it is difficult to find a criminal law which covers a tortious act. For example, simply entering land without the owners’s permission is not a crime in English law. It is, however, the tort of trespass. The police cannot take any action unless the trespasser commits certain crimes such as displacing the legal occupier and refusing to leave, threatening violence, or damaging property. In order to prevent trespass or to get compensation for any inconvenience caused, the occupier will therefore have to start a civil action in tort.
There are other differences between torts and crimes. The following table compares these two divisions of law.
Crime |
Tort |
|
|
Vocabulary
award v выносить решение; a damages award решение о возмещении убытков / ущерба
battery n побои; оскорбление действием; assault and battery оскорбление действием
breach v нарушать; breach of duty невыполнение / нарушение обязательств
consent n согласие
due care n необходимые меры предосторожности
duty n обязанность
exercise v выполнять
expressly adv явно, определенно (выраженный)
foresee v предвидеть; foreseeable должен быть предсказуем
gain no benefit не получить удовлетворения
implicitly adv косвенно; подразумеваемым образом
inconvenience n неудобство; беспокойство
intentional act n умышленное / преднамеренное действие
invasion n посягательство
liability n ответственность; обязательство; долг; strict liability не подлежащий обсуждению долг
occupier n владелец
passersby n прохожие; passerby n прохожий
prosecutor n обвинитель
proximate adj непосредственный, прямой
rarely adv редко, изредка
reasonable doubt n разумное, обоснованное сомнение
reasonable person n разумный человек
recklessness n небрежность; неосторожность
remedy n средство; judicial remedy n право судебной защиты
seek (sought, sought) v добиваться
statutory law n статутное право; право, основанное / предусмотренное законом
tort n деликт, правонарушение; tortious adj деликтный; tort of conversion присвоение имущества
trespass n посягательство; нарушение чужого правовладения
Reading tasks
Answer these questions.
1 What are torts?
2 What are the reasons for tort?
3 What torts are mentioned in the text?
4 What is the main difference between torts and crimes?
5 Why is it often difficult to distinguish between torts and crimes?
6 What are intentional torts?
7 What is negligence?
8 Distinguish between crime and tort.