5. Phonetics and Phonology. Phoneme. Phone.

There are two branches of linguistic science that deal with speech sounds: phonetic and phonology. Phonetics is primarily an experimental science, which studies speech sounds as articulatory and acoustic units, from three viewpoints: production; acoustics; perception. Phonology is also, sometimes an experimental science, though it also involves a fair degree of formal analysis and abstract theorizing. The goal of phonology is to understand the system rules that the speaker uses. The unit of phonetics is a speech sound, the unit of phonology is a phoneme. Phone is a unit of the phonetic level in the study of speech. The term phoneme is very widely used for a contrastive unit of sound in language. Phoneme is a fundamental unit of phonology, usually laid to be the smallest unit of speech. It has been defined and used in many different ways.

6. Lateral and nasal consonants. Nasalization. Lateral plosion. Nasal plosion.

A lateral consonant is one where there is obstruction to the passage of air in the centre of the air – passage and the air flows to the side of the obstruction.Nasal consonant is a consonant in which the air escapes only through the nose. For this to happen, two articulately action are necessary: firstly, the “soft palate” must be lowered to allow air to escape past it, and, secondly, a closals must be made in the oral cavity to prevent air from escaping through it. English has three commonly found nasal consonants: bilabial, alveolar, velar. Nasalization is the addition of nasal escape of air to a sound which not normally have it. Nasal plosion when a plosive is followed by the syllabic [n] or [m] it has no release of its own lateral plosion is in the sequences of a plosive immediately followed by [l] the closure produced for the plosive is not released till after [l], before [e] the release is made by a sudden lowering of the sides of the tongue and the air escapes along the sides of the tongue with lateral plosion.

7. Vowel reduction. . Co-articulation. Voice onset time. On set. Coda. Reduction of consonant clusters. (Ellison).

Vowel reduction is the process by which an unstressed vowel may change to become like the mid-central vowel “shwa”[ ə]. In the words “pho′tograph” “pho′tographic” and “photo′graphy the vowels is in the first. Three syllables alternate between full vowels and [ ə] according to the position of stress.

Co-articulation is the influence of phonetic contest on the articulation of speech sounds. Phonetic studies co-articulation as a way of finding out how the brain controls the production of speech.

Voice onset time is a measeal of the timing of the start of voicing. On set is the analysis of syllable structure, the first part of a syllable in English the onset way be zero, one consonants or two or three. Coda is the end of a syllable, which is said and to be made up of an onset a peak and a coda.Reduction of consonant clusters is the omission of sounds which are normally present if voices are pronounced slowly and clearly, but appear not to be pronounced when the same words are produced in a rapid style or the words are in different context.