5. Морфологічні категорії дієслова: час (початок дії, тривалість, завершеність); вид; спосіб; особа; стан.

V- a part of speech conveying syntactically an action or state of being. The main classes of V. Are common in Eng. & Ukr. /As to their role of expressing predicativity, -> of complete/incomplete predication. The verbs of complete predication fall into such subgroups: 1) Subjective verbs (intransitive (неперехідні): like, act, go, sleep). 2) Objective v-s (transitive (перехідні): give, take, брати, давати). 3) Terminative (express an action with final aims: open, come, close...). 4) Durative v-s (express the continuous aspect: love, hate, hope, work...). 5) Mixed-type (express both terminative & durative actions). 6) Reflexive v-s (возвратные): wash-himself, вмиватися. Verbs of incomplete predication: → auxiliaries → modals → linkers. Sub-groups: a) linkers of being – to be, feel, look, seem, бути, виявлятися, зватися... в) verbs of becoming – to become; to denote physical state – to get, grow, go, tern. c) v of remaining – to remain pleased, він зостався задоволеним. Auxiliaries In Engl. serve to form Pres., Past, Fut. Cont. Tenses, the Passive Voices, Perfect Tenses, the Interrogative, Negative, will future tenses, imperative mood. (Do it now! Do come please) & some forms of subjunctive mood (I shouldn’t be surprised if I settled down here). In Ukr. - бути – polysemantic auxiliary. It is used to form: 1)Passive voice analytical form (Текст був перекладений); 2)analytical future tense forms (Текст буде перекладений); 3)subjunctive mood forms (Якби я був знав я би був прийшов); 4)Plu-perfect tense forms (= Past Perfect in English) („Ніби й задрімав був зразу, але щось приверзлося, той проснувся.”).

The typology of grammatical categories of verbs in E. & U. The finite (особові) verb in E & U has 6 common gram. categories which are realized partly with the help of synthetic means (inflexions) & partly through different analytical means. 1) Person (особа) Engl. – I know, he knows; Ukr. – Я знаю, він знає. Synthetically (inflexions). 2)Aspect (вид) : He works / is working; Він читав, прочитав, читає. In Ukr. no category of aspect of duration (continuous action). This cont. aspect is expressed by the transitive verbs with suffixes -сь, -ся (or without them) + corresponding adverb or adverbial phrase - зараз, ще – (i). 3) Voice (стан, залог) : The house is / was built. The house is being built (analytically). Хата (була / буде) збудовано; хід зроблено (-на, -то, -ся - syntactically). 4) Mood (спосіб): Indicative (дійсний) We love our parents. Will he come? Imperative (наказовий) Don’t speak so loud! Не розмовляйте так голосно! Subjunctive (умовний) Come that way! If he had come, he would have met her. Будь що буде! Як би він був прийшов, він би зустрівся з нею.

6. Типологія синтаксичних структур. Типи словосполучень (сурядний, підрядний, предикативній).

Typology of syntactic units in contrastive languages is based on the existence of common & divergent features of syntactic units & procedures, word-groups (словосполучення), sentences, linking clauses, types of syntactic connection, functions and so on. /There are some notions of investigation of synt units./ Syntactic function is defined as a peculiar role, played by the syntactic units while functioning.Syntactic connection is some kind of relationship between the components of a word-group, parts of a sentence or between linking clauses./A word-group in both contrastive languages consists of 2 or more grammatically connected notional parts of speech united by similar context. According to the structure w-groups may be simple (2 elements) & complicated (more than 2 elem.). According to the functions in the sentence there are free (idiomatic) w.-gr.or bounds (phr. units)./ There are 2 ways of analytical connection of w.-gr. in English: 1)Syndetic (conjunctional): books for home-reading; 2)Asyndetic : home reading book./ In E & U there are 3 types of w.-gr.: 1)Coordinate w-gr (сурядні) - components are equal in rank, connected synd. or asynd. (Books & magazines; читати і перекладати). Such word-groups perform the functions of homogeneous (однорідні) parts of the sent. according to the structure the components w-g may be simple & expended. 2)Subordinate w-gr (підрядні) – consists of a head component & 1 or more adjuncts (додатків) (components). All subord. w-gr are binary (head-adjunct). They may be: 1. Substantival (head is noun) Adjuncts may be in pre-position or past-position. Structure: they may be simple or extended. In Engl. – more s. w-gr with analytical means of connection, in Ukr. with synthetical. (cotton T-shirt (N+N); small children (Adj+N); rays of hope (N+N), page ten (N+Num)) Connected syndetically (rays of hope) or asyndetically. 2. Verbal w-gr (head is verb) Adjuncts may be in pre-position or past-position. Past-position is feature in English. Adjuncts can have extended structure. (V>N [to like books]; V>Num; V>Pronoun; V >Adj; V >Adv; V >Stative [to be asleep]) 3. Adjectival. Adjuncts may be in pre-position or past-position and may be connected syndetically or asyndetically (Adv+Adj – very good; Adv+Adj – best of all; Adj+ Noun – worth the efforts; Adj+Num – worth 2 kilos ;) 4. Pronominal (indefinite pr., negative, demonstrative, reflective, impersonal) Pr+Pr – he himself; Pr+Adj – something new; Pr+ Adv; Pr+Prep+ Pr – none of them. 5. Numeral w-gr (Num+Prep+N – two of the girls; Num+Infinitive – the first to come). 6. Adverbial (terribly well (pre-position), 2 hours later (past-position)). 7. Statival w-gr (afraid to answer; soon asleep). Ukr. - adverbs & statives – Він живе добре (аdv of manner) Кому теж добре? (stative); He speaks good Engl.(adj); I’m well (stative). /3) Predicative w-gr : a) Of primary predication - express the relationship between the subject & predicate. Common in Engl. & Ukr. (He is sleeping). b) Of secondary predication – represent verbal complexes in Engl. Allomorphic feature in E.: 1. Infinitival construction (Compl. Obj., Compl. Subj. for Inf.(for him to do; the last to do). 2. Participial constr.: 1) absolute nominal (the fine weather); 2) the objective with a participial constr. (I saw her playing the piano); 3) the subjective with participle constr. (The rain was heard pouring). 3. Gerundival constr. (Excuse (for) my being late). 4. The objective with the adj., stative or noun constr. (I found George awake; They called the baby Arthur). /In Ukr. there are no secondary predication, but some sentences can be compared. (Дівчина не застала двері зачиненими. Вони назвали хлопця Петром.)