2. Граматичний спосіб вираження граматичних категорій частин мови в мовах, які порівнюються.(means of realization of grammatical categories)

Grammatical category- (number, gender, aspect, case) the most general notion that comprises a number of identical gram.meanings being expressed in a definite grammatical meaning and its form. ! any Gram.category must be represented by at least 2 gram.forms(number-sing., plur.).

The relation between 2 forms differing in meaning & external signs is called opposition. (book-books, marked-unmarked). All Gram.categories find their realization through opposition. Types of opposition(on th basis of various combinations of common & differential features): 1. Binary privative: binary-consists of 2 members or forms; privative- members of opposition are characterised by the presense/absense of a certain differential feature which serves as the formal mark of one of its members: cat-cats -formal mark. 2.Gradual opp.: formed by series of members which are distinguished not by the presence or absence of a differential feature, but by the degree of it. In Eng. Can onky be identified in the place of content in the category of comparison: big-bigger-the biggest. 3. Equippolent opp.: in Eng. can be identified in the plane of expression in the paradigms of suppletive forms, for example, in the correlation of the person & number forms of the verb be: am-are-is. Eq.op. are formed by members, which are distinguished by a member of their own features.

Means of realization(of Gram.cat.): synthetic(near- nearer), analytic(beautiful- more beautiful). Due to dialectal unity of lanuage & throughout grammatical categories correlate on the one hand with conceptual categiries & on the other hand with objective reality. It may be shown with the help of a triangle model: 1.Conceptual reality; 2. Conceptual category; 3. Objective reality; 4. Lingual reality; 5. Objective ategiry; 6. Grammatical category.

It follows that w may define G.cat. as references of the corresponding objective categories. (ex.: the objective cat. Of time is represented in the grammar cat. Of tense; quantity- in number). Those G.cat. that have references in the objective reality are referential. Those which don't correspond to anything in the obj.real., but do correspond with conceptual matters (1.Conceptual correlate; 2. Lingual correlate. )are called significational (mood, degree). Speaking about the G.cat. of mood we can say that it has modality as its conceptual correlate. It can be explained by the fact that it does not refer to anything in the objective reality- it expresses the speaker's attitude to what he says.

3. Морфологічні категорії іменника (число, рід, визначеність / невизначеність).

Noun-central lexical unit of language, main nominative unit of speech, categorial meaning- substance, thingness.

Eng-analytic, Ukr-syntactic.

Ukr cat- number(sg, plur, dual); gender(masc, fem, neutr.); case(7); declension. Eng.cat- number(sg, plur), no gender(but actor-actress), case(2- common& genitive/posessive), definitness/indefinitness.

Number- only one isomorphic cat. For Eng & Ukr. In both lang-s mostly realized synthetically (endings, sound interch., doubleness) through []+inflection(child-children, cat-cats, стакан-стакани, ліс-ліси). In Eng.endings for number are: –s, -es, -(r)en. In Ukr.- determined by 4 declensions, case and gender. 2-nd way of realization of plurality (Eng) is due to so-called pure mutation – foot—feet, man-men, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, goose-geese. In Ukr – plurality of some nouns can be observed in the combined way (mutation+inflexion) – ніс-носи, стіл-столи. Eng.- irreg. way of formation of plural forms in compounds – commanders-in-chief, forgetmenots, phenomenon-phenomena, datum-data.

In English some nouns don’t change their forms in plural – sheep, deer. Ukr – some groups of nouns of the foreign origin only in sing –какаду, таксі, леді, колібрі.

In Eng & Ukr there are 2 bi groups o nouns – only in the singular or in plur.

Plural:Expr. summations – gloves, scissors, trousers. Geographical names – Athens, the Netherlands. Some remnants – leavings, remains, висівки. Singular: Parts of the world (Схід, Захід). Materials (gold, silver). Collective nouns (rubbish, листя, білизна). Abstract nouns (love, progress). Some nouns have plural meaning in Eng & singular in Ukr & vice versa:

arms(pl.) – зброя(sing.); creem(sing) – вершки(pl.); money(sing.)— гроші(pl.); In Ukr l-ge there exists dual Number (двоїна). The nouns express the dual number in connection with numeral adjunct (приложение) to 3&4. The number is mostly indicated by stress which differs, as a rule, from that of the plural form. Sg –берег, слово – dual 2 береги, 4 слова; pl – береги, слова. But there are some nouns in which 2 forms of dual & plural coinsides (співвідносяться). Танець (sg) – танці (pl) – танці (dual), Сповідь (sg.) – сповіді (pl.) – сповіді (dual).

There is no category of gender in English, in the way it exists in Ukr. Blokh: The category of gender is expressed in English by the obligatory correlation of nouns with the personal pronouns of the 3rd person. It’s strictly oppositional, firmed by 2 oppositions hierarchically related.1.Personal noun (strong).2.Non-person (weak). In Ukr there are fem, masq. & neutral gender, realized morphologically in every Functional part of speech- usually with the help of endings which depend on the case, declension and number category.

The category of definiteness & indefiniteness. Definiteness may be expressed semantically (Ukr.) or grammatically (Eng.) through: demonstrative & possessive pronoun (I know this / that student); in Eng. – definite article “the” (The “Ukraine” hotel – готель „Україна”). Indefiniteness: indefinite pronouns (one, some); indefinite article (in Eng. only); in Ukr. – through the inverted word-order.