- •Іноземних мов і. Б. Каменська
- •Зав. Кафедри ______ о. І. Каменський
- •Content module 1. The English word as a structure Lecture 1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics (2 hrs)
- •1.1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •1.2. Branches of lexicology
- •1.3. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •Lecture 2. Types of lexical units. Word as the basic language unit (2 hrs)
- •2.1. Types of lexical units
- •2.2. The notion of lexical system
- •2.3. Theory of oppositions
- •Lecture 3. Semantic structure of English words. Semantic change (2 hrs)
- •3.1. Lexical meaning: definition
- •3.2. Lexical meaning versus notion
- •3.2.1. The scope & content of notion & meaning
- •3.2.2. Emotional & stylistic components of meaning
- •3.2.3. Grammatical component of meaning
- •3.2.4. Polysemy aspect of meaning
- •3.3. Denotative & connotative meaning
- •3.4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words
- •3.5. Contextual analysis
- •3.6. Componential analysis
- •3.7. Types of semantic change
- •3.7.1. Specialization
- •3.7.2. Generalization
- •3.7.3. Metaphor
- •3.7.4. Metonymy
- •3.7.5. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism
- •3.8. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •3.9. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Lecture 4. Morphological structure of the English word (2 hrs)
- •4.1. Morphemes & allomorphs
- •4.2. Free & bound forms
- •4.3. Morphological classification of words
- •4.4. Morphemic & word-formation analysis
- •4.5. Analysis into immediate constituents (ic)
- •4.6. Derivational & functional affixes
- •4.7. The valency of affixes & stems
- •4.8. Word-building patterns & their meaning
- •4.9. Boundary cases between derivation, inflection & composition
- •4.10. Combining forms & hybrids
- •Lecture 5. Compound words (2 hrs)
- •5.1. Definition of compound words
- •5.2. Criteria of compounds
- •5.3. Specific features of the English compounds
- •5.4. Classification of compounds
- •5.4.1. Classification criteria
- •5.4.2. Compound nouns
- •5.4.3. Compound adjectives
- •5.4.4. Compound verbs
- •5.5. Pseudo compounds
- •Lecture 6. Shortened words & minor types of lexical oppositions (2 hrs)
- •6.1. Shortening of spoken words
- •6.2. Blending
- •6.3. Graphical abbreviations. Acronyms
- •6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
- •6.5. Distinctive stress
- •6.6. Sound imitation
- •6.7. Back-formation
- •Lecture 7. Conversion (2 hrs)
- •7.1. Definition
- •7.2. Conversion in present-day English
- •7.3. Semantic relationships in conversion
- •7.3.1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)
- •7.3.2. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •7.4. Basic criteria of semantic derivation
- •7.5. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •7.6. Productivity. Traditional & occasional conversion
- •7.7. Conversion & sound interchange
- •Lecture 8. Phraseological units (2 hrs)
- •8.1. Definition
- •8.2. Classification
- •8.3. Criteria of phraseological units
- •8.4. Phraseological units & idioms
- •8.5. Phraseology as a subsystem of language
- •Lecture 9. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms (4 hrs)
- •9.1. Homonyms
- •9.2. The origin of homonyms
- •9.3. Homonymy treated synchronically
- •9.4. Synonyms
- •9.5. Interchangeability
- •9.6. Sources of synonymy
- •9.7. Euphemisms
- •9.8. Lexical variants & paronyms
- •9.9. Antonyms
- •9.10. Conversives
- •Lecture 10. Lexical systems (4 hrs)
- •10.1. Neologisms & archaisms
- •10.2. Morphological & lexical-grammatical grouping
- •10.3. Thematic & ideographic groups
- •10.4. Terminological systems
- •10.5. Emotionally coloured & emotionally neutral vocabulary
- •Lecture 11. Stylistically marked & stylistically neutral words (2 hrs)
- •11.1. Functional styles & neutral vocabulary
- •11.2. Learned words & official vocabulary
- •11.3. Poetic diction
- •11.4. Colloquial words & expressions
- •11.5. Slang
- •Lecture 12. Native words versus loan words (2 hrs)
- •12.1. The origin of English words
- •1. Latin Affixes
- •2. French Affixes
- •12.3. Assimilation of loan words
- •12.4. Etymological doublets and triplets
- •12.5. International words
- •Lecture 13. Regional varieties of the English vocabulary (2hrs)
- •13.1. Standard English variants & dialects
- •13.2. American English
- •13.3. Canadian English
- •13.4. Australian English
- •13.5. Indian English
- •Lecture 14. Lexicography (2 hrs)
- •14.1. Types of dictionaries
- •14.2. Some of the main problems of lexicography
- •14.3. Historical development of British & American lexicography
6.4. Minor types of lexical oppositions. Sound interchange
Sound interchange = an opposition in which Ws / W forms are differentiated due to an alternation in the phonemic composition of the root. The change may affect the root vowel (food :: feed); root consonant (speak :: speech); both (life :: live). It may also be combined with affixation: strong :: strength; with affixation + shift of stress 'democrat : : de'mocracy.
The process is not active now. Synchronically sound interchange is not a method of W-building, but a basis for contrasting Ws belonging to the same W-family & different parts of speech / different LG groups.
The causes of sound interchange. 1) Ablaut (vowel gradation characteristic of Indo-European languages = a change from 1 vowel to another + a change of stress): drink – drank – drunk. Ablaut furnishes distinctive features for differentiating Ws: bear v : : burden n; bite v : : bit n; ride v : : road n; strike v : : stroke n.
2) Assimilation conditioned by the phonemic environment. 1 of these is vowel mutation (umlaut, characteristic of Germanic languages = a partial assimilation to a succeeding sound, as the fronting / raising of a back / low vowel caused by an [i] / [j] originally standing in the following syllable but now altered / lost): full a : : fill v; whole a : : heal v; knot n : : knit v; tale n : : tell v.
The consonant interchange in phonetic surroundings. The oppositions speak v :: speech n; wake v :: watch n ← the palatal OE [k] very early became [ʧ] but was retained in Vs because of the position before the consonants [s] & [θ] in the 2nd & 3rd persons singular.
A voiced consonant in Vs contrasting with an unvoiced one in Ns: in MidE Vs this final sound of the stem occurred in intervocalic positions → voiced. In Ns it ended the W / was followed by a consonant ending. After the loss of endings the voicedness was retained & grew into a distinctive feature: advise v : : advice n; bathe v : : bath n; believe v : : belief n; clothe v : : cloth n; glaze v : : glass n; halve v : : half n; live v : : life n; loathe v : : loath n & a; lose v : : loss n, loose a; prove v : : proof n & a; serve v : : serf n; shelve v : : shelf n; wreathe v : : wreath n.
The difference in the root vowels of these Vs & Ns: the root syllable in Vs was open, in Ns it was closed: shelf n sing. – shelves n pl. – shelve v.
6.5. Distinctive stress
Some otherwise homographic, mostly disyllabic Ns & Vs of Romanic origin have a distinctive stress pattern: accent, asphalt, compact (impact), compound, compress (impress), conflict, contest, contract (extract), contrast, convict, digest, essay, export (import, transport), increase, insult, object (subject, project), perfume, permit, present, produce, progress, protest, rebel, record, survey, torment, transfer. Examples of Ws of more than 2 syllables are few: 'attribute n : : a'ttribute v. Historically: Ws were borrowed from French, the original stress on the last syllable. Ac'cent comes through French from Latin ac'centus. The native Ns were forestressed, assimilation → many loan Ns came to be stressed on the 1st syllable.
A similar phenomenon in homographic pairs of Adjs & Vbs: `absent a : : ab`sent v; `frequent a : : fre`quent v; `perfect a : : per`fect v; `abstract a : : ab`stract v.
This stress distinction is neither productive nor regular. There are many denominal forestressed Vs, homonymous with the corresponding Ns: comment, exile, figure, preface, quarrel, focus, process, program, triumph.
Disyllabic loan Ws that retain the stress on the 2nd syllable both in Vs & Ns: accord, account, advance, amount, approach, attack, attempt, concern, defeat, distress, escape.
A separate group – CWs where the corresponding combination of Ws has double stress & the compound N is forestressed, the stress acquires a W-building force: `black `board : : `blackboard & `draw `back : : `drawback.