Vocabulary

total ['tәutl] — весь, целый

to wash [w ∫] — омывать

coast [kәust] - морской берег

to border ['b :dә] on - граничить с

government ['g vnmәnt] — правительство

to divide [di'vaid] — разделять

branch [bra:n∫] - отрасль, ветвь

executive [ig'zekjutiv] — исполнительный

legislative ['led islәtiv] — законодательный

judicial [d u:'di∫әl] — судебный

to head [hed] - возглавлять

to exercise ['eksәsaiz] — осуществлять

to consist of - состоять из

stripe [straip] — полоса

independent — независимый

eagle ['i:gl] - орел

symbol ['simbәl] – символ

olive [' liv] — оливковый

arrow ['ærәu] — стрела

strength [streηθ] - сила

powerful ['pauәful] — сильный, могучий

to develop - развивать(ся)

leader ['li:dә] - лидер

to vary ['vεәri] — изменять(ся)

to produce [prә'dju:s] - выпускать

agricultural [,ægri'k lt∫urәl] — сельскохо­зяйственный

goods — товар

service ['sә:vis] — обслуживание, сервис

coal [kәul] - каменный уголь

iron ['aiәn] - железо

oil [ il] — масло, нефть

to cross — пересекать

Text 2 Political system of the usa

The United States of America is a parliamen­tary republic. The people rule the country through the representatives they elect. Today any citizen who is at least 18 years old can vote. The Consti­tution of the USA was written in 1787. It is the basis for its laws.

The United States has a federalist system. There are fifty states in the USA. Each state has its own government and constitution and there is a federal or national government. But only the national government can print money.

The national government is divided into three branches. They are: the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch.

The legislative branch is represented by the US Congress. The US Congress consists of two Houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Congress's main function is to make laws. There are 100 senators (two from each state) and 435 representatives. The number of representatives from each state depends on the size of the state's population.

Senators are chosen for six years. But one-third is re-elected or retired every two years.

The executive branch is headed by the President and his Administration. The president of the USA is the head of the country. The executive branch administers the laws. The executive branch consists of departments and agencies. The US President is elected for a 4-year term. The President commands the armed forces, conducts foreign affairs, recommends laws to the Congress.

The judicial branch is headed by the US Su­preme Court. The US Supreme Court has nine members. They are: Chief Justice and 8 Associ­ate Justices. They are appointed for life. The ju­dicial branch interprets the laws and makes sure that new laws are in keeping with the Constitu­tion.

Each branch has certain controls over other branches. The US Congress makes laws, but the President can veto a law, and the Supreme Court can decide that the law is unconstitutional.

There are two main political parties in the USA. They are: the Democratic Party and the Republi­can Party. The Democratic Party is symbolized by a "donkey." The Republican Party is symbol­ized by an "elephant." There are no clear differ­ences between these parties. The Republicans are more conservative. They have more support among the upper classes. The Democrats are more liberal. They have more support among the work­ing class and the poor.