Staff Officers

Name	Date of Birth	Actual Rank	Appointment Date	Brevet Rank	Appointment Date	Allegiance	Notes
Timothy Andrews	c. 1794	Lieutenant Colonel; Deputy Paymaster General		Brevet Brigadier General	September 13, 1847	U.S.A.	Continued in position until succeeded Benjamin F. Larned as Colonel and Paymaster General, September 6, 1862. Retired November 29, 1864.[35]
Sylvester Churchill	c. 1790	Colonel; Inspector General	December 1839	Brevet Brigadier General	February 23, 1847	U.S.A.	Continued as colonel and Inspector General. Retired September 25, 1861.[36] Colonel Randolph B. Marcy was appointed senior colonel and titular head of the Inspector General's Department on August 9, 1861.[37]
Samuel Cooper	June 12, 1798	Colonel; Adjutant General	1852			C.S.A.	Appointed brigadier general, Adjutant and Inspector General of the Confederate Army, March 16, 1861. Appointed full general and ranking general of the Confederate Army, August 31, 1861 to rank from May 16, 1861. Never in field command.[38] Replaced by Colonel Lorenzo Thomas, born in 1804, who was promoted to brigadier general on August 3, 1861.[39]
Henry Knox Craig	c. 1790	Colonel; Chief of Ordnance Department	1851			U.S.A.	Replaced by Lt. Colonel James Wolfe Ripley, born December 10, 1794, promoted to colonel on April 23, 1861. Ripley was promoted to brigadier general on August 3, 1861. Craig retired June 1, 1863. Brigadier General George D. Ramsay replaced Ripley, September 15, 1863.[40]
George Gibson	c. 1790	Colonel; Commissary General	1818	Brevet Major General	May 30, 1847	U.S.A.	Continued as colonel and Commissary General but died in mid-1861. Lt. Colonel Joseph Pannell Taylor was promoted to commissary general of subsistence with the rank of colonel on September 29, 1861 and brigadier general in the Regular Army on February 9, 1863; died June 29, 1864.[41]
Joseph E. Johnston	February 3, 1807	Brigadier General; Quartermaster General	June 28, 1860			C.S.A.	Appointed full general in the Confederate Army, August 31, 1861. Led major Confederate commands except July 17, 1864 to February 1865.[42] Replaced on May 15, 1861 by Brigadier General Montgomery C. Meigs.[43]
Benjamin Franklin Larned	c. 1790	Colonel; Paymaster General	1854			U.S.A.	Relieved of duty July 12, 1862 due to ill health.[44] Replaced by deputy paymaster, Lt. Colonel and Brevet Brigadier General Timothy Andrews.[35]
Thomas Lawson	1781	Colonel; Surgeon General	1836	Brevet Brigadier General	May 20, 1848	U.S.A.	Died May 15, 1861.[45] Replaced by Colonel Clement Finley, who was born c. 1797, and retired April 14, 1862.[46]
Joseph G. Totten	April 17, 1788	Colonel; Chief Engineer	December 7, 1838	Brevet Brigadier General	March 29, 1847	U.S.A.	Colonel and chief engineer at start of the war. Promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army of the United States, March 3, 1863. Died April 22, 1864.

Ten Bloodiest Civil War Battles

1. Battle of Gettysburg

Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-B8171-2288 DLC

This battle which occurred from the July 1-3, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania resulted in 51,000 casualties of which 28,000 were Confederate soldiers. The Union was considered the winner of the battle.

2. Battle of Chickamauga

The Battle of Chickamauga took place in Georgia between September 19-20, 1863. It was a victory for the Confederacy that resulted in 34,624 casualties of which 16,170 were Union soldiers.

3. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House

Occurring between May 8-21,1864, the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House took place in Virginia. 30,000 casualties of which 18,000 were Union soldiers. However, it was not conclusive whether the union or the confederacy won the battle.

4. Battle of the Wilderness

This battle took place in Virginia between May 5-7, 1864. It resulted in 25,416 casualties. The confederacy won this battle.

5. Battle of Chancellorsville

The Battle of Chancellorsville took place in Virginia from May 1-4, 1863. It resulted in 24,000 casualties of which 14,000 were Union soldiers. The confederates won the battle.

6. Battle of Shiloh

Between April 6-7, 1862, the Battle of Shiloh raged in Tennessee. Approximately 23,746 men died. Of those, 13,047 were Union soldiers. While there were more Union than Confederate casualties, the battle did result in a tactical victory for the North.

7. Battle of Stones River

The Battle of Stones River occurred between December 31, 1862-January 2, 1863 in Tennessee. It resulted in a Union victory with 23,515 casualties of which 13,249 were Union soldiers.

8. Battle of Antietam

The Battle of Antietam occurred between September 16-18, 1862 in Maryland. It resulted in 23,100 casualties. While the result of the battle was inconclusive, it did give a strategic advantage to the Union.

9. Second Battle of Bull Run

Between August 28-30, the Second Battle of Bull Run occurred in Manassas, Virginia. It resulted in a victory for the confederacy. There were 22,180 casualties of which 13,830 were Union soldiers.

10. Battle of Fort Donelson

The Battle of Fort Donelson was fought between February 13-16, 1862 in Tennessee. It was a victory for the Union forces with 17,398 casualties. Of those casualties, 15,067 were Confederate soldiers.

The Civil War tore families apart from each other. Men, as well as boys, were forced to fight to defend their side. Many families were separated because of their beliefs on slavery. Loved ones were killed in battle. Women, men, and children were forced to cope with the deaths of friends and family. The Civil War, as other wars, was a time of depression that affected many people and families.

In conclusion, slavery was abolished, and several families were reunited together. Many buildings and homes were rebuilt and some plantation owners were forced to give up many acres of land. After the Civil War, more African Americans were accepted in America. In addition, families farmed and managed their own plantations.

The Emancipation Proclamation

By the summer o f 1862 President Lincoln realized

that the North would only win the wa r if he could

arouse more enthusiasm fo r its cause. On Scprcmbcr

22 he issued the Emancipation Proclamation

wi th this aim. T his Proclamation declared th at

from j anua ry 1, lR63, all slaves were to be mad e

free-but on ly if they lived in areas that were part

of the Confederacy. The Proclamation change d

the purpose o f the wa r, From a str uggle to

presern ' rhc Union, it became a str uggle both to

preserve the Union and to abolis h slavery.

At the tim e no t eVl'ryolll' was impressed by

Lincoln's action . A British leade r. Lord Palmerston

, said th nr all Lincoln had done was " to abolish

slavery where he was without power to do so,

while pro tecting it where he had the power to

destroy it. " Palmcrsron was right. But after the

Emancipation Proclamation everyolle knew rhar it

was only a marrcr of time now before slavery was

ended everywhere in the United Stat es,

The Gettysburg Ad d r ess

Gettysbur g in Pennsylvania IS remembered for

two things. The first is the battle that was fought

there in July 186.3. The seco nd is th e Gett ysburg

address . a spee ch that Ab raham Lincoln made

there a few months later.

O n November 19. 1&J3, Lincoln traveled to

Gett ysburg ro dedicate- part of the battlefield as a

national war cemetery. T his IS part o f what he said

when he did so :

"Fou rscore and seven years ago our fat her-s

broug ht forth on this cont inent a new nat ion ,

dedicated ro rhe proposirion rh:u all men arc

created equa l. Now we are engaged in a great civ il

war , testing whether that nation can long end ure.

We arc me t on a grea t battlefi eld of th ai war. We

have come to dedicate J po rtion of that field as a

final resting-place tor those who here gave their

lives, that that natio n might live. But III a larger

sense, we can not dedi cate, we can not consecrate

th is ground. T he bra n ' men . livin g: and dead. who

struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our

poor power. The world will little not e. no r lon g

remember. what we say here. but it can never

fo rget what they did here. It is lor us the living to

resolve that th ese dead sha ll not have di ed in vain;

tlmr this nation, under God , shall have a new birth

c f frccdom: and tha t govern ment of rhc people. by

the people, fo r the people. sha ll not perish from

rhi.. earth . "

Lincoln' s speech at Gettysburg became even more

famous than the battle. At the time it was seen as

a statement of what th e Nort h W;IS figh ting fo r.

III later years it came to be seen as a movmg

expression of faith in the basic pr inci ples of

democratic governme nt.