17.Phonetic expressivity and graphical means in stylistics.

The subject-matter of stylistic phonetics and its branches: paradigmatic phonetics and syntagmatic phonetics. The general notion of euphony (assonance) and cacophony (dissonance) and their functions in the literary text.

Onomatopoeia (sound-initiation) and its two varieties: direct and indirect (echo-writing). Alliteration, its major function in Old English verse and in contemporary prose. The theory of the sense-independence of separate sounds, pros and cons. Paronomasia and its stylistic effect.

Rhytmical organization of the utterance. Metre, types of principle metres: strong-stress metre, syllable-stress metre. Types of metrical patterns: disyllabic metres (trochee, iambus), trisyllabic metres (dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest). Types of lines according to the number of feet (1-8): monometer, dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, septameter, octameter. Foot modifications.

Rhyme. The types of rhymes: according to the position of the rhyme within the stanza (end-rhymes (couplets, adjacent, triple, cross, framing (ring)), internal rhymes (= inner rhymes), beginning rhymes, head rhymes (= rhyming acromonogramms), blank verse (= Vers Libre)); according to morphological peculiarities of rhyme (simple (=one-word), compound (= broken, word-group)); according to the number of identical sounds (rich, poor); according to the position of the stressed vowel (male (= masculine), female (=feminine), dactylic (= triple, treble)); according to the manner of perception (ear-rhyme, eye-rhyme); full (complete) rhyme, incomplete rhyme (vowel rhyme, consonant rhyme, dissonant rhyme).

The structure of verse. The stanza: the ballad stanza, the heroic couplet, the Spenserian stanza, the ottava rima, the sonnet (Petrarchan, Shakespearian), the limerick.

Emphatic use of punctuation: exclamatory, interrogative marks, dashes, suspension marks, full stops, inverted commas and emotional states they render. Absence of punctuation, its stylistic function.

Deliberate violation of accepted spelling (graphon) due to temporary and permanent factors. Forms of graphon: doubling (of vowels), multiplication (of consonants), hyphenation, scanning (spaced letters).

Change of the type of print (italics, bold type, capitalization) and its stylistic effect.

Means of creating visual image: division of the text into paragraphs, division of the poem into stanzas, pattern poetry, acrostic.

Literature:

1. Kukharenko V.A. Seminars in Style. – P. 106-112.

2. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – P. 118-131, 257-276.

3. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. – С. 39-49, 133-145.

4. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка – С. 249-295.

18.Tropes and figures of speech.

Figures of speech, definition, different approaches to classification.

Figures of replacement. Figures of quantity: overstatement (hyperbole, tautology), understatement (meiosis, litote). Figures of Quality: based on transfer by contiguity (metonymy, synecdoche, symbol, periphrasis, euphemism); based on transfer of similarity (metaphor, personification, allegory, allusion, antonomasia); based on transfer by contrast (verbal irony).

Semantic figures of co-occurence. Figures of identity: simile, quasy-identity; figures of inequality: pun, zeugma, semantically false chain, violation of phraseological units; figures of contrast: oxymoron, antithesis.

Literature:

1. Kucharenko V.A. Seminars in Style. – P. 23-62.

2. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – P. 132-190.

3. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка. – С. 102-177.

4. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка – С. 105-132, 156-182.