9. Walt whitman

I Hear America Singing*

I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear,

Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it,

should be blithe and strong,

The carpenter singing his as he measures

his plank or beam,

The mason singing his as he makes ready for

work, or leaves off work,

The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat,

the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck,

The shoemaker singing as he sits on his hench,

the hatter singing as he stands,

The wood-cutter's song, the plowboy's on his way

in the morning, or at noon intermission or

at sundown,

The delicions singing of the mother, or of the young

wife at world, or of the girl sewing or washing,

Each singing what, belongs to him or her and

to none else,

The day what belongs to the day - at night the party

of young fellows, robust, friendly,

Singing with open mouths their strong

melodious songs.

*Anthology of English and American Verse. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972, p. 485.

10. Langston hughes

Black Maria*

Must be the Black Maria

That I see,

The Black Maria that I see -

But I hope it

Ain't comin' for me.

Hear that music playin’ upstairs?

Aw, my heart is

Full of cares -

But that music playin’ upstairs

Is for me.

Babe, did you ever

See the sun

Rise at dawnin' full of fun?

Says, did you ever see the sun rise

Full of fun, full of fun?

Then you know a new day's

Done begun.

Black Maria passin' by

Leaves the sunrise in the sky –

And a new day,

Yes, a new day's

Done begun!

*Anthology of English and American Verse. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972. pp. 549-550.

Note

Black Maria - van for taking prisoners from and to jail

11. William shakespeare

Sonnet 66*

Tired with all these, for restful death I cry,

As, to behold desert a beggar born,

And needy nothing trimm'd in jollity,

And purest faith unhappily forsworn,

And gilded honour shamefully misplaced,

And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted,

And right perfection wrongfully disgraced,

And strength by limping sway disabled,

And art made tongue-tied by authority,

And folly, doctor-like, controlling skill,

And simple truth miscalled simplicity,

And captive good attending captain ill:

Tired with all these, from these would I be gone,

Save that to die, I leave my love alone.

*Galperin I.R. An Essay in Stylistic Analysis. 1968.

PART THREE

EXPRESSIONS

…to orient the reader in a particular time and place

…to ring true = to make believable

The setting makes the whole story ring true.

…a true-to-life story = a realistic story

…to render reality

…to represent life

…to lead (to enable, to convince) the reader to infer that…

…to report

Events are reported though N’s eyes.

…to bring out

The conflict brings out some revealing traits of his character.

…to experience internal conflict

The character experiences internal conflict.

…to sympathize with

We sympathize with P. As he struggles to understand what is happening to him.

…conflict with nature (society, the unknown)

…to have symbolic significance

…first of all

First of all, we feel that…

…second

Second, it is clear, that…

…at last=finally

At last, we are convinced that…

…at the very least

At the very least, we have learnt that…

…in this sense

In this sense the reader sympathizes…

…to sustain the mood

The mood is sustained until the very end.

…upon closer examination

…to point up

The talk points up his level of education, manner, temperament…

…to add a touch of reality to

The dialogue adds an important touch of reality to the story.

…to draw the reader into

The dialogue draws the reader into the situation.

…to come from

The humour comes from the absurdity of the idea.

…implication

The implication here seems to be that… The implication is that…

…to mount

Tension and suspense mount very gradually in the extract.

…in retrospect

The little details become important in retrospect, or upon rereading the extract.

…to provide ideas for the reader to think about

The story provides ideas for the reader to think about.

…to become known

The true nature of the character becomes known gradually.

…to seem

From this action and conversation the character seems highly intelligent.

…thought-provoking

The reader finds the story thought-provoking.

…all in all

All in all, these well-chosen details portray him as…

…to be built around

The plot is built around a conflict.

…to establish the atmosphere of

…the opening sentence (paragraph) of the story

…the closing sentence (paragraph) of the story

…to interrupt the narration with digressions (foreshadowing, flashbacks to the past)

…to contribute to characterization (individualization, verisimilitude)

…an onlooker = observer = a character who participates in events

…to increase the immediacy and freshness of the impression

…to stimulate the reader to make his own judgements

…to make the reader draw his/her own conclusions

…to awaken interest = to arouse interest

…to retain interest

…to hold the interest of the reader

…to stir one’s imagination

…to express smth implicitly = indirectly

…to understand the implied meaning

…to reveal different aspects of human nature

…to approach the idea

The idea is approached in an indirect way.

…to offer explicit characterization of personages

The author seemingly offers explicit characterization of personages.

…juxtaposition

The juxtaposition of two characters carries out all levels of textual structure.

…ambivalent

The title of the story is ambivalent.

…pronominally

The protagonists have no names. They are referred to pronominally.

…to set a definite expectation

The title sets a definite expectation of the possible development of events.

…to be given a flashback

The past is given in a flashback.

…to sustain the effect

All these elements (details) sustain the effect.

…to individualize

… N is individualized.

…the arrangement of compositional elements

The author’s viewpoint is realized through the arrangement of compositional elements.

…to foreground

The choice of epithets foregrounds…

…an open end

The story has an open end, the impending fate of the characters remains unknown.

…to prognosticate

It is possible to prognosticate the character’s future actions.

…to arouse warmth (affection, compassion, delight, admiration, dislike, disgust, resentment, antipathy…)

…to mock at (to sneer, to satirize, to ridicule)

…to reinforce characterization

…to arouse the reader’s excitement (curiosity, concern)

…to lay bare (to expose, to reveal)