lavrova_n_a_a_coursebook_on_english_lexicology_angliiskaya_l

95.Collins Cobuild Dictionary (CCD). – М.: Астрель, 2006. – Т. 1.

96.Collins Cobuild Dictionary (CCD). – М.: Астрель, 2006. – Т. 2.

97.Concise Oxford Dictionary (tenth Edition) (COD). – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

98.Cullen R. The Little Hiptionary. – N.Y.: Peter Pauper Press, 2007.

99.Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms. – N.Y.: Barron’s Educational Series, 2006.

100.Dick Thurner’s Portmanteau Dictionary (PD). Blend Words in the English Language, Including Trademarks and Brand Names. – Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1993.

101.Encyclopaedia Americana. – Danbury: Grolier Inc., 1995. – P. 23

102.Grant B. The Official Dictionary of Unofficial English. – N.Y., Chicago, L.: McGraw Hill, 2006.

103.Bird C.S. Grandiloquent Dictionary, 2006.

104.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE). – L.: Longman Group Ltd., 1995.

105.Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. – L.: Longman, 1993.

106.Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. – N.Y.: Merriam Webster, 2008.

107.Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology (OCDEE). – Oxford, N.Y., 1996.

108.Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang. – N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2005.

109.Peckham A. Urban Dictionary: Fularious Street Slang Defined. – Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC, 2005.

110.Peckham A. Urban Dictionary: Ridonkulous Street Slang Defined. – Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing House, LLC, 2007.

111.TheAmerican Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. – N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000.

112.The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language. Second edition. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

113.The Chambers Dictionary. – L.: Chambers, 2003.

114.The Fun-to-Learn Picture Dictionary. – L.: Grandreams Limited, 1992.

115.The Hutchinson Encyclopaedia. – L.: Hutchinson, 1988.

116.The New Oxford Picture Dictionary. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

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ANSWER KEY

2. Stylistic Stratification of English Vocabulary. Slang. Barbarisms

Ex. II

monkey – a person associated with a particular kind of activity, used as a derogatory nomination.

Air monkey – an air-brake repairman;wheel monkey – a driver. -happy – inclined to do a specific activity excessively, as a result being slightly obssessed with it; abusing smth.; being slightly deranged. Car-happy – tending to overuse one’s car; dough-happy – loving money; power-happy – abusing one’s power.

Dog – an unpleasant, contemptible, or wicked man; used to refer to a person of a specified kind in a tone of playful reproof, commiseration, or congratulation; used to refer to someone who is abject or miserable, especially because they have been treated harshly.

Mean dog – a miser; penny dog – a person working for a small, usually fixed salary; smart dog – a clever person.

Ex. III

Beano – a festive entertainment usually ending in rowdyism; Blotto – intoxicated, drunk;

Cheapo – inexpensive and often of inferior quality;

Combo – a white man who lives with an Aboriginal woman;combination, partnership; a small instrumental band, esp. playing jazz;

Compo – compensation, esp. as paid for an injury received while working;

Daddy-o – daddy;

Doggo – motionless or hidden (to lie doggo);

Fatso – fatty;

Limo – limousine; Milko – milkman; Nutso – a crazy person;

Rabbito – a travelling seller of rabit meat; Salvo – a member of the Salvation Army.

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Ex. IV – one who cooks; one who waits; one who kisses; one who forgets; one who ends a relationship with smb.; one who is awarer of smth.; one who reads in bed.

Ex. V

Money;face;pissed (drunk, intoxicated); Greek;row;boots; telephone; Jew; stage; chief; stop, thief!;newspaper; eye;gin;time;tie; stink; feet; old man;talk; shilling; trousers; diamond; sister; jewellery; glove;state.

Ex. VI

Queensland (from the abundance of bananas grown in the state);the south-east coast of Spain, as used by several British criminals as a bolthole to escape British justice; a costal area with a large residential population of old and retired people, esp. the south coast of England.

Ex. VII

A state of extreme fear or terror; a loud and alarming noise;a soldier or the Army; to flatter; a drug consisting of heroin diluted with caffeine and strychnine; a type of Italian hand grenade; rough, strong whisky (or a drink of beer mixed with tomato guice, or tomato ketchup); passionate, lively (or unfair, unreasonable, or a hot dog); a coward.

Ex. VIII

A difficult or unscrupulous person (or a tough customer); a mule, esp. an old one; bad luck; the head of an organization of criminals or any important person; an honourable or incorruptible politician; a person who does everything correctly; to remove one’s trousers; to remove one’s bunny ears; to remove a hidden electronic device, such as a microphone (or to make (a hidden microphone, for example) ineffective, or to search for and eliminate malfunctioning elements or errors, or to remove insects from, as with a pesticide).

Ex. IX

created or done for a particular purpose as necessary; relating to or associated with a particular person (or directed against a person rather than

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the position they are maintaining); used to express a conclusion for which there is stronger evidence than for a previously accepted one; relating to or denoting reasoning or knowledge which proceeds from theoretical deduction rather than from observation or experience (or based on theoretical deduction rather than empirical observation); relating to or denoting reasoning or knowledge which proceeds from observations or experiences to the deduction of probable causes (or based on reasoning from known facts or past events rather than by making assumptions or predictions, with hindsight, as an afterthought); the university, school, or college that one formerly attended; genuine, real; with distinction; a brief account of a person's education, qualifications, and previous occupations, typically sent with a job application; out of many, one; is used in books and journals to indicate that a piece of text taken from somewhere else is from the same source as the previous piece of text; among other things; making necessary alterations while not affecting the main point at issue; by or in itself or themselves, intrinsically; based on the first impression, accepted as correct until proved otherwise; a favour or advantage granted in return for something; (with reference to business or proceedings that have been adjourned) with no appointed date for resumption; an essential condition; a thing that is absolutely necessary; unique; (in a restaurant) referring to food that can be ordered as separate items, rather than part of a set meal; a sense of one's own worth, self-respect; if you refer to someone or something as your béte noire, you mean that you have a particular dislike for them or that they annoy you a great deal; used to express good wishes to someone about to set off on a journey; complete freedom to act as one wishes; a final blow or shot given to kill a wounded person or animal; a feeling of having already experienced the present situation; a person who behaves in an unconventional or controversial way; an embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation; the policy of leaving things to take their own course, without interfering; an assumed name used by a writer instead of their real name, a pen-name; people who have recently acquired wealth, typically those perceived as ostentatious or lacking in good taste; better or more than all others of the same kind; a performance or achievement that has been accomplished or managed with great skill.

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3. Etymology

Ex. I

late 16th cent.: from Latin belligerant- “waging war”, from the verb belligerare, from bellum “war”;

mid 16th cent.: from Italian carnevale, carnovale, from medieval Latin carnelevamen, carnelevarium, from Latin caro, carn- “flesh” + levare

“put away”;

late 17th cent. (as a noun): alteration of obsolete haemorrhagy, via Latin from Greek haimorrhagia, from haima “blood” + the stem of rhēgnunai “burst”;

Old English: via Latin from Greek hōroskopos, from hōra “time” + skopos “observer”;

late 19th cent.: from French, from Latin manus “hand” + cura “care”; Old English nēahgebūr, from nēah "nigh, near" + gebūr "inhabitant, peasant, farmer" (compare with boor);

Middle English: from Old French pome grenate, from pome “apple” + grenate “pomegranate” (from Latin (malum) granatum “(apple) having many seeds”, from granum “seed”);

early 20th cent.: modern Latin, from Greek skhizein “to split” + “phrēn” “mind”;

late Middle English: via Old French from Latin benedictio(n-), from benedicere “wish well, bless”, from bene “well” + dicere “say”;

Old English gārlēac, from gār "spear" (because the shape of a clove resembles the head of a spear) + lēac "leek";

Middle English: from Old French herbergere, from herbergier “provide lodging for”, from herberge “lodging”, from Old Saxon heriberga “shelter for an army, lodging” (from heri “army” + a Germanic base meaning “fortified place”), related to harbour. The term originally denoted a person who provided lodging, later one who went ahead to find lodgings for an army or for a nobleman and his retinue, hence, a herald (mid 16th cent.);

Middle English iuparti, from Old French ieu parti “(evenly) divided game”. The term was originally used in chess and other games to denote a problem, or a position in which the chances of winning or losing were evenly balanced, hence “a dangerous situation”;

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late 15th cent. (as marchpane): from Italian marzapane, perhaps from Arabic. The form marchpane (influenced by March and obsolete pain “bread”) was more usual until the late 19th cent., when marzipan (influenced by German Marzipan) displaced it;

late 18th cent. (in the sense “acute homesickness”): modern Latin (translating German Heimweh “homesickness”), from Greek nostos “return home” + algos “pain”;

mid 16th cent.: from French portemanteau, from porter “carry” + manteau “mantle”;

late Middle English: from Old French porc espin, from Provençal porc espi(n), from Latin porcus “pig” + spina “thorn”.

Ex. II

The words are derived from the Latin verb permittere “allow”: permission – the action of officially allowing someone to do a particular thing; consent or authorization; permissiveness – allowing or tolerating things which other people disapprove of;

The words are derived from Latin aggredi “to attack”, from ad- “towards” + gradi “proceed, walk”: aggression – feelings of anger or antipathy resulting in hostile or violent behaviour; aggressiveness – readiness or likelihood to attack or confront;

The words are derived from Old French, from agreer “make agreeable to”: agreement – harmony or accordance in opinion or feeling; agreeableness – the quality of being enjoyable and pleasurable; the willingness to agree to something; acceptability;

The words are derived via Old French from Latin vitium “physical or other defect, fault: vice – immoral or wicked behaviour; viciousness – cruelty, violence;

The words are derived from Latin legalis, from lex, leg- “law”: legality – the quality or state of being in accordance with the law; legalization – the process of making smth. legal;

The words are derived from late Middle English humaine, from Old French humain(e), from Latin humanus, from homo “man, human being”: human – relating to or characteristic of humankind; humane – having or showing compassion or benevolence;

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The words are derived from Latin miseria, literally “wretched”: miser – a person who hoards wealth and spends as little money as possible; misery – a state or feeling of great physical or mental distress or discomfort; The words are of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German lang: longevity – long life, long existence or service; longitude – the angular distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees; oblong – a rectangular object or flat figure with unequal adjacent sides; The words are derived from Old French clos (as noun and adjective), from Latin clausum “enclosure” and clausus “closed”, past participle of claudere: closeness – the state of being near; an act or process of closing something, especially an institution, thoroughfare, or frontier, or of being closed; enclosure – an area that is surrounded by a barrier; cloister – a convent, monastery;

The words are derived from Latin sanitas “health”, from sanus “healthy”: sanity – the ability to think and behave in a normal and rational manner; sound mental health; sanitation –- conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal; sanitarian – an official responsible for public health or a person in favour of public health reform;

The words are derived via Old French from late Latin minuta, feminine (used as a noun) of minutus “made small”: minute – a period of time equal to sixty seconds or a sixtieth of an hour; minutiae – the small, precise, or trivial details of something; minuet – a slow, stately ballroom dance for two in triple time, popular especially in the 18th century.

Ex. III

Derby – “village where there are deer”; Suffolk – “southern people”; Essex – territory of the East Saxons; Kent – “land on the border”; Surrey – “southern district”; Sussex – “territory of the South Saxons”; Buckingham – “riverside land of Bucca’s people”; Oxford – “ford used by oxen”; Dorset – “territory of the settlers around Dorn (Dorchester)”; Cornwall – “territory of Britons of the Cornovii (promontory people)”; Avon – “river”; Gwent – “favoured place”; Warwick – “dwellings by a weir”; Stafford – “ford beside a landing-place”; Cheshire – “county of Chester (Roman “fort”); Manchester – “Roman fort at Mamucium”; Man – “land of Mananan (an Irish God).

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Ex. IV

“-by” means “dwelling”, “farm”; “-thorpe” means “dwelling”, “farm”; “-thwaite” means “field”, “clearing”.

Ex. V

Cradle – Old English cradol, of uncertain origin; perhaps related to German Kratte “basket”; perhaps of Celtic origin

Curse – Old English, of unknown origin

Loch – late Middle English: from Scottish Gaelic “an arm of the sea” Camp – early 16th cent.: from French camp, champ, from Italian campo, from Latin campus “level ground”, specifically applied to the Campus Martius in Rome, used for games, athletic practice, and military drill Linen – Old English līnen (as an adjective in the sense “made of flax”), of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch linnen, German Leinen, also to obsolete line “flax”

Gem – Old English gim, from Latin gemma “bud, jewel”; influenced in Middle English by Old French gemme

Devil – Old English dēofol (related to Dutch duivel and German Teufel), via late Latin from Greek diabolos “accuser, slanderer” (used in the Septuagint to translate Hebrew śāṭān “Satan”), from diaballein “to slander”, from dia “across” + ballein “to throw”

Disciple – Old English, from Latin discipulus “learner”, from discere “learn”; reinforced by Old French deciple

Martyr – Old English martir, via ecclesiastical Latin from Greek martur “witness”

Mass – from Latin missa – a verbal substantive from the verb mittere “send, send away”

Offer – Old English offrian “sacrifice something to a deity”, of Germanic origin, from Latin offerre “bestow, present” (in ecclesiastical Latin “offer to God”), reinforced by French offrir. The noun (late Middle English) is from French offre

Alphabet – from Greek alpha, bēta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, ultimately from Phoenician “bull” and “house”, respectively Fever – Old English fēfor, from Latin febris; reinforced in Middle English by Old French fievre, also from febris

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Giant – Middle English geant (with the first syllable later influenced by Latin gigant-), from Old French, via Latin from Greek gigas, gigant- Mount – Middle English: from Old French munter, based on Latin mons, mont- “mountain”

Polite – late Middle English (in the Latin sense): from Latin politus “polished, made smooth”, past participle of polire

Radish – Old English rædic, from Latin radix, radic- “root”

Air – Middle English from Old French air, from Latin aer, from Greek aēr, denoting the gas

Beast – Middle English: from Old French beste, based on Latin bestia Beauty – Middle English: from Old French beaute, based on Latin bellus “beautiful, fine”

Colour – Middle English: from Old French colour (noun), colourer (verb), from Latin color (noun), colorare (verb)

Diet – Middle English: from Old French diete (noun), dieter (verb), via Latin from Greek diaita “a way of life”

Fest – from German Fest “festival”

Flower – Middle English flour, from Old French flour, flor, from Latin flos, flor-. The original spelling was no longer in use by the late 17th cent. except in its specialized sense “ground grain”

Journey – Middle English: from Old French jornee “day, a day's travel, a day's work” (the earliest senses in English), based on Latin diurnum “daily portion”, from diurnus

Judge – Middle English: from Old French juge (noun), juger (verb), from Latin judex, judic-, from jus “law” + dicere “to say”

Oil – Middle English: from Old Northern French olie, Old French oile, from Latin oleum “(olive) oil”; compare with olea “olive”

Soil – late Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French, perhaps representing Latin solium “seat”, by association with solum “ground” Tender – Middle English: from Old French tendre, from Latin tener “tender, delicate”

Literature – late Middle English (in the sense “knowledge of books”): via French from Latin litteratura, from littera

Art- Middle English: via Old French from Latin ars, art-

Medicine – Middle English: via Old French from Latin medicina, from medicus “physician”

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